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Understanding Mental Health and Wellbeing > Lecture 1- Defining Mental Health and Wellbeing > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Defining Mental Health and Wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946)

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2
Q

What is mental health?

A

A state of wellbeing in which every individual realises their own potential, can cope with common stresses of life, can work productively and successfully.

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3
Q

What does mental health influence?

A

How we think, feel and act

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4
Q

What is mental health important to?

A

Personal, community and socio-economic development

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5
Q

What are the factors for mental health

A

Risk and protective factors

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6
Q

What do risk factors do to mental health?

A

Undermine mental health

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7
Q

What are examples of risk factors?

A

Climate crisis, poor quality infrastructure, poor access to services, injustice, health emergencies, social exclusion

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8
Q

What do personal factors do to mental health?

A

Enhance mental health

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9
Q

What are examples of personal factors?

A

Genetic factors, low education, alcohol, drug use, unhealthy diet, vitamin D deficiency

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10
Q

What does the interaction between vulnerability and stressors cause?

A

Life events and chronic stressors

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11
Q

What is mental health condition?

A

A broad term covering mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for mental health conditions?

A

Conflict, disease outbreaks, social injustice, discrimination, disadvantage

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13
Q

When do risk factors effect mental health conditions?

A

During developmentally sensitive periods

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14
Q

How does socially marginalisation effect mental health conditions?

A

Greater risk of mental health conditions and more difficulty accessing health services

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15
Q

How does gender and ethnic grouping effect mental health conditions?

A

Increase risk of social exclusion and economic adversity

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16
Q

What does mental health condition disturb?

A

Our thoughts and feelings and change behaviours

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17
Q

What is a mental disorder?

A

Syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological biological or developmental processes

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18
Q

What is the cycle of mental ill-health?

A

Starts in birth, poor parenting, poor education, violence, reduced livelihood, mental health conditions, alcohol and drug use, risk taking behaviours

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19
Q

How does mental ill-health link to poverty?

A

Less access to health care, stigma to undermine social support structure, less financial resources to maintain living standards

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20
Q

What protective factors build resilience?

A

Positive parenting, quality education and employment

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21
Q

What is the aim of the WHO initiative for mental health?

A

Increasing mental health care provision to reduce suffering and improve public health and protection of human rights

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22
Q

What does wellbeing mean?

A

The state of feeling healthy and happy, needs to be culturally inclusive for international comparisons

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23
Q

What are the philosophies for wellbeing?

A

Hedonism and eudemonism

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24
Q

What is the hedonistic view?

A

Subjective wellbeing, positive mood, focus on pleasure

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25
Q

What is the eudemonist view?

A

Focus on self- actualisation, personal growth and psychological wellbeing

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26
Q

What does Waterman say about personal expressiveness?

A

Living in accordance to daimon (true self). There should be personal expressiveness and hedonistic enjoyment

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27
Q

Who looked at the different types of wellbeing?

A

La Placa

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28
Q

What are the 4 different types of wellbeing?

A

Individual, community, family and societal

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29
Q

What is individual wellbeing?

A

An active agent to interpret wellbeing that has positive and negative multidimensional evaluations

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30
Q

What is family wellbeing?

A

Negative evaluations about life and work. Families provide resources that can increase or decrease wellbeing

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31
Q

What is community wellbeing?

A

Social, cultural and psychological needs of individuals that can contribute to spiritual, physical and psychological wellbeing

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32
Q

What is societal wellbeing?

A

A positive or negative state from individuals focusing on relations with others where basic needs are met

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33
Q

Who looked at societal wellbeing?

A

Wilkinson and Pickett

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34
Q

What did Wilkinson and Pickett find?

A

Societal wellbeing raises issues around structural social inequalities

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35
Q

What is used to assess wellbeing?

A

SWB (subjective wellbeing)

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36
Q

What does the SWB assess?

A

Happiness through life satisfaction, presence of positive mood and absence of negative mood

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37
Q

What scale was used to improve wellbeing?

A

Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale

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38
Q

What are the 5 themes of the WEMWBS?

A

Psychological, social, arts+culture+environment, physical health promotion and other

39
Q

What are the psychological interventions?

A

Mindfulness intervention studies, psychoeducation intervention studies, CBT, resilience, self management and wellness

40
Q

What interventions (psychological) had a moderate effect?

A

Mindfulness intervention studies, psychoeducation intervention studies, CBT

41
Q

What interventions (psychological) had a large effect?

A

Resilience, self management and wellness

42
Q

What are the social interventions?

A

Support interventions, parenting intervention studies, community/peer support, social prescribing intervention

43
Q

Which social intervention had no effect?

A

Community/peer support

44
Q

What social intervention had a positive effect?

A

Support intervention (6 reported + effect)

45
Q

What social intervention had a moderate effect?

A

Parenting and social prescribing

46
Q

What impact did art have on wellbeing?

A

Strong, 75% improvement pre and post

47
Q

What impact did physical health interventions have?

A

14/18 had a moderate effect and 4 studies on health promotion had a + effect

48
Q

What is mental health epidemiology?

A

Study of the distribution of mental disorders in a given population

49
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number of active cases in a population at any given period of time in a percentage

50
Q

What is incidence?

A

The number of new cases that occur over a given time

51
Q

What are the three types of prevalence?

A

Point, 1 year and life time

52
Q

What is point prevalance?

A

Estimated proportion of active cases of a condition in a given population at a given point in time

53
Q

What is 1 year prevalence?

A

Everyone who experienced condition at any point in time throughout entire year

54
Q

What is life time prevalence?

A

Number of people with a particular condition at any time in their lives includes both currently ill and recovered individuals

55
Q

What did Kirkbridge et al find?

A

In UK schizophrenia is 3 more likely to develop in ethnic minorities than the white population

56
Q

What did Steel et al find about common mental health condition in the past 12 months?

A

17.6% and 29.2% in the lifetime

57
Q

What did Steel et al find out about females in mental health conditions?

A

Females are more likely to experience mood or anxiety condition

58
Q

What did Steel et al find out about males in mental health conditions?

A

Males more likely to experience alcohol or substance abuse

59
Q

What disorders are most common?

A

Anxiety and depressive disorders

60
Q

When are anxiety disorder most prevalent?

A

At early ages

61
Q

When is depressive disorders most common?

A

In adults

62
Q

When does prevalence vary for conditions?

A

With sex and age

63
Q

What happened to depression and anxiety in COVID?

A

Increase 28% for depression and 26% for anxiety in young age groups than older

64
Q

What are the symptoms of mental health conditions?

A

Personal distress, maladaptive behaviour, violating statistical norms, violating a societal norms, social discomfort, irrationality and predictability, dangerousness

65
Q

What is dangerousness?

A

If the person is a danger to themselves or others

66
Q

What did Corrigan and Watson find?

A

People with mental illness dangerousness is more the expection than the rule

67
Q

What is irrationality and unpredictability?

A

Evaluation if the person can control their behaviour

68
Q

What is social discomfort?

A

When someone violates an implicit social rule causing others to experience discomfort

69
Q

What is personal distress?

A

Low mood, worry and depression. It doesn’t apply to all disorders

70
Q

What does personal distress apply to?

A

Adaptive responses such as conflict

71
Q

What does maladaptive behaviour apply to?

A

The individual, to those around the individual and to society

72
Q

What is an example of maladaptive behaviour to the individual?

A

Agoraphobia

73
Q

What is an example of maladaptive behaviour to those around the individual?

A

Depression through isolation from friends and family

74
Q

What is an example of maladaptive behaviour to society?

A

Sick leave and lost work productivity

75
Q

What is violating statistical norms?

A

Rate and infrequent behaviour being maladaptive when it is away from the norm

76
Q

What is violating a societal norm?

A

Not following the conventional social and moral rules of the cultural group that can vary over time such as homosexuality

77
Q

What are the advantages of classifying mental disorders?

A

Makes a common nomenclature, enables us to structure information helpful, we can identify causes and treatment of disorders

78
Q

What are the disadvantages of classifying mental disorders?

A

Stigma of having a mental disorder, stereotyping others, loss of information, labelling change in self-concept

79
Q

What is stigma?

A

Fear and a deterrent for seeking treatment and perpetuation of labelling

80
Q

What did Ruscio find?

A

A diagnosis can reduce stigma as it provides an explanation of a person’s behaviour

81
Q

What did Clement et al find?

A

Stigma makes people reluctant to seek help

82
Q

What did Graves et al find?

A

People tend to avoid those with mental illnesses as there is unpleasant psychophysiological arosal

83
Q

What are the categorical approaches to classification?

A

Presence/absence of a symptom pattern, a qualitative differences between normal and abnormal

84
Q

What are the dimensional approaches to classification?

A

Symptoms vary on a continuum, differences are quantitative rather than qualitiative

85
Q

How does culture effect mental disorder?

A

Shapes the clinical presentation of disorders such as depression

86
Q

What did Kleinman find?

A

In China individuals with depression focus on physical concerns rather than verbalising feelings

87
Q

Who explained mental disorders?

A

Kraemer et al

88
Q

What did Kraemer et al look at?

A

If there is association between two variables, if there is a yes they correlate if no then they don’t correlate. If there is a correlation then one variable precedes the others

89
Q

What is a necessary cause?

A

If X is a characteristic that will exist for a disorder to occur

90
Q

What is a sufficient cause?

A

If one variable occurs then the other will

91
Q

What is a contributory cause?

A

If one variable occurs then the probability of other variable occurring increases

92
Q

How is mental health conditions explained in ancient times?

A

Demonic possession

93
Q

What are the theoretical approaches to mental health conditions?

A

Biological, psychological and sociocultural and biopsychological

Understanding Mental Health and Wellbeing (8 decks)

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