Biology 1011 tricky topics

Question 1

What is the pericycle? Where can it be found ?

Answer 1

• gives rise to lateral growth of root
• found in the stele (within endodermis)

Question 1

What is the integument? Where can it be found ?

Answer 1

• the sac within the ovary which surround the ovules etc
• develops into the 2n seed coat

Question 2

What is plasmolysis?

Answer 2

Process in which water molecules move out of the cell, causing it to shrink

Question 3

What is photophosphorylation?

Answer 3

• the transformation of ADP into ATP (in light reactions of photosynthesis)

Question 4

What is photorespiration?

Answer 4

• when rubisco binds to O2 during times of low CO2
• wasteful, Creates CO2

Question 5

What is positive pressure?

Answer 5

Pressure in the system greater than the surroundings

Question 6

What is negative pressure?

Answer 6

ie: tension
- pressure potential is negative, air sucked in

Question 7

Where is osmotic potential the greatest?

Answer 7

The roots

Question 8

Where is pressure potential most important?

Answer 8

the stem

Question 9

What are the gametangia? Where are they formed?

Answer 9

• formed on gametophyte
• sex organs: antheridium and archegonium, produce sex cells

Question 10

What nourishes the conifer seed?

Answer 10

Megagametophyte

Question 11

What are the states of pieces of conifer seeds ?

Answer 11

megagametophyte (n), seed coat (2n), Zygote (2n)

Question 12

What nourishes the flower seed ?

Answer 12

the 3n endosperm

Question 13

How many times does fertilization occur in the flower?

Answer 13

twice (double fertilization) –> 2 sperm cells bind to form a 2n zygote, 3n endosperm
(note that there is also a 2n seed coat formed by the integument)

Question 14

What division is moss?

Answer 14

division Bryophyta

Question 15

What are chlamydomonas?

Answer 15

from the division chlorophytes, green algae, do not undergo alternation of generations
- unicellular zygote which divides immediately

Question 16

When did plants appear?

Answer 16

1500 million years ago

Question 17

What did the earth form ?

Answer 17

4.6 billion years ago

Question 18

When did photosynthesis occur?

Answer 18

3500 million years ago

Question 19

When did plastids first appear ?

Answer 19

1500 million years ago

Question 20

When did embryophytes take over ?

Answer 20

500 million years ago

Question 21

What are the phases of the Calvin cycle called ?

Answer 21

1. carbon fixation
2. reduction

Question 22

What occur in phase 1 of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 22

RuBP (5 carbon) binds to CO2
- 6 carbon compound splits into 2 PGAs (C3)

Question 23

What occurs in phase 2 of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 23

• ATP used (turns back into ADP)
  to turn C3 into biophosphoglyerate
• NADPH used (turns into NADP+) to form G3P and phosphate

Question 24

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

Answer 24

• autographs can make their own food (photosynthetic)
• heterotrophs cannot, must eat externally

Question 25

How can you tell the difference between a monocot and eudicot based on a cross section of a stem?

Answer 25

Monocots typically have vascular tissue spread all round
Eudicots vascular tissue is in an x shape at the centre of the stem.

Question 26

What relationship do basidiomycetes have to plants ?

Answer 26

Basidiomycetes are ectomycorrhizae, meaning they have a relationship with plants but grow outside the plant

Question 27

What are the sexual reproductive parts of the ascomycete?

Answer 27

asci (8 spores in each asus)

Question 28

Where is the seed coat on the flowering plant and confer derived from?

Answer 28

2n seed coat derived from sporophyte
- in flowers, the integument becomes the seed coat

Question 29

how many cells are initially created in the production of the egg cells?

Answer 29

4 initially produced by the sporocyte, 3 die, 1 left for fertilization.
- that divides twice to form 8 cells.

Question 30

What is the process of producing spores in ascomycetes ?

Answer 30

two haploids undergo plasmogamy (n+n), eventually become fertilized (to produce a diploid zygote in karyogamy), meiosis 2x = 8 spores.

Question 31

What do flowering plants and ascomycetes have in common when reproducing?

Answer 31

they both have 1 cell which divides twice to form 8
- 8 spores in ascomycetes
- 8 nuclei in flowering plants

Question 32

What is the micro and mega gametophyte of flowers?

Answer 32

micro = pollen
mega = 8 nuclei make up the gametophyte

Question 33

What is the difference between hermaphrodite, monoecy, and dioecy?

Answer 33

Hermaphrodite: both sex organs on the same flower
Monoecy: sex organs on same plants
dioecy: both sex organs on separate plants

Question 34

What are zygomycetes more commonly know as?

Answer 34

bread mold

Question 35

What are the two things produced from sclerenchyma?

Answer 35

Fibers and scleirids

Question 36

What kind of mushroom are fairy rings ? What do they do ?

Answer 36

Basidiomycota, they break down organic matter

Question 37

What kind of mushrooms have gills ?

Answer 37

Basidia on basidiomycota

Question 38

What produces spore on basidiomycota?

Answer 38

Basidium: produce spores, and gills.

Question 39

What are basidiomycetes primary function?

Answer 39

Decomposer

Question 40

What are gills on shrooms for?

Answer 40

Spore production

Question 41

what kind of fungi is a truffle?

Answer 41

Ascomycetes