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Organic Chemistry > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which electron shell contains S orbitals?

A

first

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2
Q

Which electron shell contains P orbitals?

A

second

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3
Q

Which electron shell contains electrons used to create bonds?

A

valence/outer shell

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4
Q

How can you determine the amount of valence electrons from the periodic table?

A

group number

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5
Q

What do the unpaired electrons on a lewis structure indicate?

A

the number of bonds the atom can create in its neutral state

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6
Q

How many bonds does a neutral carbon make?

A

4

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7
Q

What is the formula to calculate formal charge of a compound?

A

FC= (valence e-)-(# bonds)-(# non-bonded e-)

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8
Q

When is it necessary to calculate formal charge?

A

when the element is following its normal bonding pattern

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9
Q

Which type of formula gives information about bonding pattern/connectivity?

A

condensed structural formula

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10
Q

Which groups can NEVER exceed the octet rule?

A

1 and 2

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11
Q

How are covalent bonds created?

A

overlapping atomic orbitals to share electrons

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12
Q

What is a pi bond?

A

sideways overlap of atomic orbitals above/below the internuclear plane

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13
Q

What is a sigma bond?

A

direct overlap of atomic orbitals

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14
Q

How many regions of electron density are there for a tetrahedral geometry?

A

4

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15
Q

How many regions of electron density are there for a trigonal planer geometry?

A

3

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16
Q

How many regions of electron density are there for a linear geometry?

A

2

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17
Q

How many regions of electron density are there for a bent geometry?

A

4

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18
Q

How many regions of electron density are there for a trigonal pyramidal geometry?

A

4

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19
Q

What is an anti bonding orbital?

A

2 out of phase orbitals (different shape or shading)

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20
Q

How is a ring denoted in structural form?

A

listed together in condensed form

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21
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

has the maximum number of H atoms possible per ‘n’ carbon

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22
Q

how many DU is a double bond?

A

1 DU

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23
Q

How many DU is a ring?

A

1 DU

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24
Q

How many DU is a triple bond or two double bonds?

A

2 DU

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25
Q

what is the effect on DU when you add an O?

A

no effect

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26
Q

what is the effect on DU if you add a N?

A

+1 H atom

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27
Q

What is the effect on DU if you add a halogen?

A

-1 H atom

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28
Q

How many C is a methyl carbon bonded to?

A

1

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29
Q

How many C is a methylene carbon bonded to?

A

2

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30
Q

How many C is a methane carbon bonded to?

A

3

31
Q

what is an alkane?

A

only has sp3 bonds and single bonds

32
Q

What is a cycloalkane?

A

only have sp3 bonds but have 1 DU so a ring can form

33
Q

What is a functional group?

A

molecules with similar reactivity and physical properties (used to classify molecules)

34
Q

What functional group has a C=C bond?

A

alkene

35
Q

What functional group has a C-C triple bond?

A

alkyne

36
Q

What is the name of the functional group with a carbon ring and three pi bonds?

A

arene (aromatic)

37
Q

What is the name of the functional group where a halogen is bonded to carbon?

A

alkyl halide

38
Q

What functional group is an OH?

A

alcohol

39
Q

What functional group is a C bonded to an SH?

A

thiol

40
Q

Name this functional group: C-O-C

A

ether

41
Q

Describe the anhydride functional group.

A

O=C-O-C=O
(bent at center O and both C atoms)

42
Q

What functional group is this? O=C-X

A

acid halide

43
Q

What does the amine functional group look like?

A

C-N

44
Q

Which functional group has a carbon nitrogen triple bond?

A

nitrile

45
Q

Describe a ketone.

A

C-C-C (the center C has a double bonded O atom)

46
Q

Name this functional group: O=C-H

A

aldehyde

47
Q

What does carboxylic acid look like?

A

O=C-OH

48
Q

Describe an ester.

A

O=C-O-R

49
Q

Name this functional group: O=C-N

A

amide

50
Q

What happens to boiling point as the surface area of an atom increases?

A

BP increases

51
Q

What happens to the surface area of a molecule when branching takes place?

A

decrease surface area

52
Q

what happens to the boiling point of a molecule if there are branches?

A

decreased BP

53
Q

what is the only intermolecular force for nonpolar molecules?

A

London dispersion forces

54
Q

What intermolecular force exists for polar molecules?

A

dipole-dipole

55
Q

What is the strongest intermolecular force?

A

hydrogen bonding

56
Q

What bonds must be present for H bonding to occur?

A

N-H, O-H, or H-F

57
Q

What happens to boiling point with stronger intermolecular forces?

A

increases

58
Q

What types of molecules can dissolve in a nonpolar substance?

A

non polar molecules (like dissolves like)

59
Q

What is miscibility?

A

ability for solute to dissolve completely in solvent

60
Q

1 carbon

A

meth-

61
Q

2 carbons

A

eth-

62
Q

3 carbons

A

prop-

63
Q

4 carbons

A

but-

64
Q

5 carbons

A

pent-

65
Q

6 carbons

A

hex-

66
Q

7 carbons

A

hept-

67
Q

8 carbons

A

oct-

68
Q

9 carbons

A

non-

69
Q

10 carbons

A

dec-

70
Q

how many carbons are in hexane?

A

6

71
Q

in what order are substituents listed?

A

alphabetical

72
Q

how do you decide which way to number carbon chains?

A

start to closest branch (if both are closest, pick in alphabetical order)

73
Q

where is the branch in 3-methyl propane

A

third carbon

74
Q

what is the shape of a cyclobutane molecule?

A

square

Organic Chemistry (3 decks)

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