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BIOL 112 > Lecture 7: The Respiratory System; Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 7: The Respiratory System; Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (Patm)

A

-pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
-760 mmHg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
-respiratory pressures are described relative to Patm

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2
Q

what does + - & 0 respiratory pressure mean in relation to Patm

A

-ve repiratory pressure: < Patm
+ve respiratory pressure: >Patm
0 respiratory pressure: = Patm

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3
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) (intra-alveolar pressure)

A

-pressure in alveoli
-fluctuates with breathing
-always eventually equalizes with Patm

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4
Q

what is intrapleural pressure (Pip)

A

pressure in pleural cavity
-fluctuates with breathing
-always a negative pressure (<Patm and < Ppul)
-usually always 4mmHg<Ppul
-fluid level must be kept at a minimum
-excess fluid pumped out by lymphatic system
-if fluid accumulates, positive Pip pressure develops-> lung collapses

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5
Q

whathappens if fluid accumulates in the thoracic cavity

A

the lung will collapse

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6
Q

what two inward forces promoite lung collapse

A
  1. lungs’ natural tendency to recoil because of elasticity, lungs always try to assume smallest size
  2. surface tension of alveolar fluid, surface tension pulls on alveolu to try to reduce alveolar size
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7
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure = (Ppul - Pip)

A

-pressure that keeps lung spaces open (keeps them from collapsing)
-greater transpulmonary pressure the larger the lungs will be

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8
Q

lungs will collapse if Pip = ?

A

-Pip = Ppul
-Pip = Patm
-negative Pip must be maintained to keep lungs inflated

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9
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing
-consists of inspiration and expiration
-mechanical process that depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity
-volume changes lead to pressure changes
-pressure changes lead to flow of gases to equalize pressure

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10
Q

what is Boyle’s Law

A

-relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
-gases always fill the container they are in
-if the amount of gas is the same and container size is reduced, pressure will increase
-so pressure (P) varies inversely with volume (V)
-mathematically: P1V1= P2V2

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11
Q

what are the primary repsiratory muscles

A

external intercostal muscles & diaphragm

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12
Q

what are the accessory repsiratory muscles

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, internal intercostal muscles, transversus thoracis, external oblique, rectus abdominis, interal oblique

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13
Q

what does the body look like at resting state

A

-disphragm remained dome shapes
-pressure inside lungs (alveolar pressure) = Patm, 760 mmHg
-net effect- “no flow of air”

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14
Q

what are the events in inspiration

A

-diaphragm contracts and thoracic cavity floor becomes flattened
-thoracic cavity volume increases; pressure within lungs decreases. Patm is higher, air moves from outside to inside the lungs
-external intercostal muscles contract-> elevates the rib cage
-accessory muscles may contract to assist external intercostal muscles to elevate the ribs

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15
Q

what are the events in expiration

A

-diaphragm relaxes; rib cage returns to original position
-thoracic cavity volume decreases; pressure within the lungs increases-> outflow of air; pressure inside >Patm
-rib cage is lowered by internal intercostal muscles and transversus thoracis; thoracic cavity volume decreases
-external intercostal muscles can be aided by the abdominal muscles by condensing the abdomen, thereby pushing the diaphragm upwards

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16
Q

intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration and expiration

A

pressure inside the lunds decreases as lung volume increases during inspiration; pressure increases during expiration

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17
Q

intrapleural pressure during inspiration and expiration

A

pleural cavity pressure becomes more negative as chest wall expands during inspiration. returns to initial value as chest wall recoils

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18
Q

volume of breath during inspiration and expiration

A

during each breath the pressure gradients move 0.5 liters of air into and out of the lungs

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19
Q

what is non-repsiratory air movements

A

-many processes can move air into or out of lungs besides breathing
-may modify normal repsiratory rhythm
-most reslt from reflex action, although some are voluntary

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20
Q

what are some examples of non-respiratory air movements

A

coughing, sneezing, sighing, yawning, sobbing, crying, laughing, hiccupping, valsalva maneuver, pressurizing the middle ear

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21
Q

what is assessing ventilation

A

-several respiratory volumes (RVs) can be used to assess respiratory status
-combinations of RVs-> respiratory capacities, which can give information on a person’s respiratory status
-RVs and capacities are usually abnormal in people with pulmonary disorders

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22
Q

what is spirometry

A

-clinical tool used to measure respiratory volumes

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23
Q

what is tidal volume

A

amount of air moved into nad out of lung with each breath (normal quiet breathing)- avergaes ~500 ml

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24
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (1000- 1200 ml)

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25
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs (1000-1200 ml)

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26
Q

what is residual volume

A

amount of air that always remains in the lungs, needed to keep alveoli open

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27
Q

-what are respiratory capacities

A

combinations of two or more respiratory volumes

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28
Q

formula for inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

TV + IRV

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29
Q

formula for functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

RV + ERV

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30
Q

formula for vital capacity (VC)

A

TV + IRV + ERV

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31
Q

formula for total lung capacity (TLC)

A

sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV + ERV + RV)

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32
Q

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33
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34
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35
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36
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37
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38
Q

what are the three types of dead space

A

anatomical dead space, alveolar dead space, total dead space

39
Q

what is anatomical dead space

A

does not contribute to gas exchange
-consists of air that remains in passageways
~150 ml out of 500 ml TV

40
Q

what is alveolar dead space

A

space occupied by nonfunctional alveoli, can be due to collapse or obstruction

41
Q

what is total dead space

A

summ of anatomical and alveolar dead space

42
Q

what can spirometry distinguish between

A
  1. obstructive pulmonary disease
    2.restrictive diseases
43
Q

what are obstructive pulmonary diseases

A

increased airway resistace (ex. bronchitis)
TLC, FRC, RV may increase because of hyperinflation of lungs

44
Q

what is restrictive diseases

A

reduced TLC due to disease (ex. tuberculosis) or exposure to enviromental agents (ex. fibrosis)
VC, TLC, FRC, RV decline because lung expansion is compromised

45
Q

what can pulmonary function tests do

A

measure rate of gas movement
-forced vital capacity (FVC): amount of gas forcibly expelled after taking deep breath
-forced expriatory volume (FEV): amount of gas expelled during specific time interval of FVC
-FEV1: amount of air expelled in 1st second, healthy individuals can expel 80% of FVC in 1st second, patients with obstructive diseases expire <80% in 1st second whereas those with restrictive disease exhale 80% or more even with rediced FVC

46
Q

what is forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

amount of gas forcibly expelled after taking deep breath

47
Q

what is forced expiratory volume (FEV)

A

amount of gas expelled during specific time interval of FVC

48
Q

what is FEV1

A

amount of air expelled in 1st second, healthy individuals can expel 80% of FVC in 1st second, patients with obstructive diseases expire <80% in 1st second whereas those with restrictive disease exhale 80% or more even with rediced FVC

49
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

-total amount of gas that flows into or out of respiratory tract in 1 minute
-normal at rest= ~6L/min
-normal exercise = up to 200L/min
-only rough estimate of respiratory efficiency

50
Q

what is alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

A

-flow of gases into and out of alveoli during a particular time, better indicator of effective ventilation
-AVR takes into account amount of dead space, TV, and rate of breathing
-can be calculated by following equation: AVR= Frequency x (TV - anatomic dead space)
-because dead space in an individual is normally constant, AVR is affected by TV and frequency

51
Q

what is gas exchange

A

gas exchange occurs between the lungs and blood as well as blood and tissues

52
Q

external respiration in regards to gas exchange

A

diffusion of gases between blood and lungs

53
Q

internal respiration in regards to gas exchange

A

diffusion of gases between blood and tissues

54
Q

what are both internal and external respiration subject to (gas exchange)

A
  1. basic properties of gases
  2. composition of alveolar gas
55
Q

what are basic properties of gases/ Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

Dalton’s Law: total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is equal to sum of pressures exerted by each gas
-Partial Pressure: pressure exerted by each gas in mixture, directly proportional to its percentage in mixture
total atmospheric pressure (Patm) = 760 mmHg
-N2= ~78.6% of air; therefore partial pressure of nitrogen Pn2, can be caculated: 0.786 x 760 mmHg= 597 mmHg due to 2
-O2= 20.9% of air so Po2 = 0.209 x 760 mmHg= 159 mmHg
-air also contains 0.04% CO2, 0.5% water vapour, and insignificant amounts of other gases

56
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57
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58
Q

whaat is composition of alveolar gases

A

-alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapour than atmospheric air because of:
-gas exchanges in lungs (O2 diffuses out of lung, and CO2 diffuses into lung)
-humidification of air by conducting passages
-mixing of alveolar gas with each breath
-newly inspired air mixes with air that was left in passageways between breaths

59
Q

O2 & CO2 during interna; and externla respiration

A

also known as pulmonary gas exchange, involves the exchange of O2 and OC2 across respiratory membranes
-during external respiration, O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries, CO2 moves in the opposite direction
-during internal respiration, O2 will diffuse from the systemic capillaries into the tissue, CO2 moves in the opposite direction

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73
Q

list some disorders of the respiratory system

A

asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), lung cancer, pneumonia, tuberculosis, common cold, pulmonary edema, cystic fibrosis, asbestos-related diseases, sudden infant death syndrome, acute respiraotry distress

74
Q

what is asthma

A
75
Q

what is COPD

A
76
Q

what is lung cancer

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77
Q

what is pneumonia

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78
Q

what is tuberculosis

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79
Q

what is a common cold

A
80
Q

what is pulmonary edema

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81
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

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82
Q

what is asbestos-related diseases

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83
Q

what is SIDS/ sudden infant death syndrome

A
84
Q

what is actue respiratory distress

A

BIOL 112 (21 decks)

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