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Immunology > CH 1: Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

CH 1: Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Generation of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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2
Q

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

A

Can self renew, or give rise to these different, more mature, hematopoietic cells
differentiated cells don’t self generate

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3
Q

Hematopoietic cells

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Megakaryocytes
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4
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs
- movement of oxygen

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5
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCs
- help eliminate infections

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6
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Source of platelets
- wound repair
- “cell with giant nucleus”
- platelets aren’t truly cells, but come from cells
- platelets contribute to blood clotting & secreting cytokines & growth factors

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7
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A
  • small lymphocytes
  • dendritic cell
  • plasma cell
  • mast cell
  • NK cell
  • monocyte
  • neutrophil
  • macrophage
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
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8
Q

Granulocytes: Myeloid Linage

A

Group of myeloid cells with cytoplasmic granules that kill organisms and enhance inflammation
- have irregularly shaped nuclei
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

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9
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytes; die at site of infection to form pus
- recruited to site of infection

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10
Q

Eosinophils

A

Defend against parasites

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11
Q

Basophils

A

Defend against parasites, but at very low abundance

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12
Q

Large reserves of neutrophils are stored in?

A

The BONE MARROW and are released when needed to fight infection. Neutrophils travel to & enter the infected tissue, where they engulf & kill bacteria. The neutrophils die in the tissue & are engulfed & degraded by macrophages.

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13
Q

Monocytes: Myeloid Linage

A

Circulate in blood; have indented nucleus, gives rise to:
- macrophages
- dendritic cells

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14
Q

Macrophages

A

Sedentary, scavenger cells of tissue…wait for infection
- eliminates dead/damaged cells
“Large phagocyte”

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15
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Mobile, star-shaped cellular messengers that can activate an adaptive immune response

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16
Q

Mast cells: Myeloid Linage

A

Found in connective tissues; have granules
- involved in allergy response

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17
Q

Bacteria and macrophage interaction:

A
  1. Binding of bacteria to phagocytic receptors on macrophages induces their engulfment & degradation.
  2. Binding of bacterial components to signaling receptors on macrophages induces the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines.
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18
Q

Large granular lymphocytes: Lymphoid Lineage

A

Effector cells of innate immunity; granular cytoplasm
- Natual Killer (NK) cells

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19
Q

Natual Killer (NK) cells

A

Enter viral-infected tissue to kill infected cells and secrete cytokines
- binds specifically, to prevent killing healthy cells

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20
Q

Small lymphocytes: Lymphoid Lineage

A

Almost no cytoplasm; adaptive immune response
- circulate in quiescent & immature form
- B & T lymphocytes
- no granules, mostly made of nucleus
- very small
*imp for adaptive response

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21
Q

B lymphocytes/cells

A

Have cell-surface receptors called immunoglobulins
- plasma cells

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22
Q

Plasma cells

A

Effector B cells that secrete antibodies - soluble forms of immunoglobulins

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23
Q

T lymphocytes/cells

A

Have T-cell receptors (never secreted)

24
Q

Diversity of immunoglobulins & T-cell receptors

A

We have millions of different immunoglobulins & T-cell receptors

25
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Proteins
- diff shape = diff function

26
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign part from a certain pathogen

27
Q

Diff pathogens have?

A

Diff antigens

28
Q

Effector functions of B cells:

A
  • B cells differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells
  • Humoral immunity
  • Opsonization
29
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immunity due to antibodies & their actions
- B & T cells
- relating to body fluids

30
Q

Opsonization

A

Coating a bacterium with antibodies to enhance phagocytosis
- coating w something
- can activate complement sys
ex: antibodies

31
Q

Effector functions of T cells

A
  • Two types of effector T cells:
  • cytotoxic T cells
  • helper T cells
32
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill cells infected with certain viruses or bacteria
- CD8

33
Q

Helper T cells

A

Secrete cytokines to help other cells become effector cells (help active macrophages)
- CD4
- don’t do the killing themselves
- Regulatory T cells

34
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Subset of helper T cells that controls activity of other T cells to prevent tissue damage and stope immune response
- shut it down
- don’t want immune response to continue & damage tissue
- inactivating cells

35
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

Most lymphocytes are found in lymphoid tissues or organs
- Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches
*important for keeping us healthy

36
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Areas of lymph tissue in small intestine

37
Q

Primary/central lymphoid tissues

A

Where lymphocytes develop & mature
- Bone marrow
- Thymus

38
Q

Bone marrow

A

Origination site of B & T cells
- maturation site of B cells

39
Q

Thymus

A

Maturation site of T cells

40
Q

Peripheral/secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Where mature lymphocytes are stimulated
- activation

41
Q

Lymph nodes lie at junctions of the LYMPHATICS

A

Networks of lymphatic vessels, that originate in connective tissues and collect plasma that leaks out of blood vessels
- forms lymph

42
Q

Lymph

A

Extracellular fluid, which is eventually returned to the blood

43
Q

B & T cells move through the body through what?

A

Through blood and lymph

44
Q

If a lymphocyte is activated by a pathogen…

A

It stays in lymph node
- Otherwise, eventually leaves in efferent lymph & return to blood

45
Q

Lymphocyte recirculation

A

Movement between blood & lymph
- allows lymphocyte population to continually survey secondary organs for infection

46
Q

Following infections

A
  • Connective tissue commonly infected
  • Intact pathogens, pathogen fragments, & pathogen-infected DCs carried from here to nearest lymph node by the lymphatics
    —–draining lymph node
  • Pathogen-specific B cells proliferate at the germinal center, causing “swollen glands”
47
Q

Draining lymph node

A

lymph node receiving fluid collected at infected site
- Closes node to certain pathogen

48
Q

Spleen

A

Lymphoid organ that serves as a filter for the blood
- not connected directly, enters thru blood vessels
- 2 functions:
— removes damaged or senescent red cells
—defends against blood-borne pathogens
- Made up of two tissues:
— red pulp
— white pulp

49
Q

Red pulp

A

rbcs monitored and removed
- short half life

50
Q

White pulp

A

wbcs gather to provide adaptive immunity

51
Q

Can humans survive without a spleen?

A

Yes

52
Q

Most microorganisms in humans found?

A

Respiratory and GI tract
- vulnerable to infection
— GALT
— BALT
— MALT

53
Q

Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)

A

Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and Peyer’s patches

54
Q

Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

A

Lines respiratory epithelium

55
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

More diffuse mucosal lymphoid tissues

56
Q

M cells

A

Specialized cells of mucosal epithelium
- how pathogens arrive at resp. & GI tact sites

57
Q

Lymphocytes enter mucosal lymphoid tissue from?

A

The blood & leave via lymphatics
- activated lymphocytes stay & perform effector funtcions

Immunology (6 decks)

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