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BIOL 251: Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 14: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

white blood cells

A

also called leukocytes; produced in red bone marrow, under control of hormones: interleukins & colony stimulating factors

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2
Q

how many types of leukocytes are there? how many categories?

A

5 types, 2 categories

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3
Q

2 categories of leukocytes

A
  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
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4
Q

granulocytes

A

granular cytoplasm & short life span
- basophils
- eosinophils
- neutrophils

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5
Q

agranulocytes

A

no noticeable granules
- lymphocytes
- monocytes

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6
Q

neutrophils

A
  • small, light, purple nucleus in acid-base stain
  • lobed nucleus, 2-5 sections
  • PMN’s
  • strong phagocytes
  • 54-62% of leukocytes
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7
Q

PMN’s

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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8
Q

eosinophils

A
  • coarse granules; stain deep red in acid stain
  • bi-lobed nucleus
  • 1-3% of leukocytes
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9
Q

basophils

A
  • large granules; stain deep blue in basic stain
  • granules can obscure view of nucleus
  • release heparin & histamine
  • less than 1% of leukocytes
  • similar to eosinophils in size & shape of nuclei
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10
Q

monocytes

A
  • largest wbc’s
  • spherical, kidney-shaped, oval or lobed nuclei
  • agranulocytes
  • leave bloodstream to become macrophages
  • 3-9% of leukocytes
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11
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • slightly larger than rbc’s; smallest wbc
  • large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm
  • agranulocytes
  • T cells & B cells are major types
  • 25-33% of leukocytes
  • may live for years
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12
Q

T cells and B cells

A

important in immuity

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13
Q

how do neutrophils respond to a bacterial invasion?

A

by accumulating in the infection site & destroying pathogens by phagocytosis

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14
Q

WBC count

A

used to count # of wbc’s per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood; typically 3,500-10,500

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15
Q

leukocytosis

A

increased wbc count; >10,500

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16
Q

leukopenia

A

decreased wbc count; <3,500

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17
Q

differential wbc count

A
  • lists percentages of types of leukocytes
  • percentages may change in particular diseases
18
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of the white blood cells; two types

19
Q

2 types of leukemia

A
  • lymphoid
  • myeloid
20
Q

lymphoid leukemia

A

cancer of lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes

21
Q

myeloid leukemia

A

cancer of granulocytes produced in red bone marrow

22
Q

symptoms & treatment of leukemia

A

symptoms: fever, headache, nosebleed, excess # of wbc’s, respiratory infections, bone pain, bruising & bleeding due to blood clot time
treatment: proton therapy, chemo, drugs, bone marrow/stem cell transplants

23
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes; cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes, produced by hemocytoblasts in response to the hormone thrombopoietin, lack nucleus, less than half the size of rbc

24
Q

platelet production

A

hemocytoblast -> megakaryocytes -> thrombocytes

25
Q

thrombocyte count

A

150,00-350,000

26
Q

thrombus

A

stationary blood clot

27
Q

embolus

A

mobile blood clot

28
Q

blood plasma

A
  • clear, straw colored
  • liquid portion of blood
  • 92% water
  • 55% blood volume
  • contains organic & inorganic chemicals
29
Q

plasma proteins

A

most abundant dissolved substance in plasma; not used for energy source

30
Q

gas & nutrients

A

oxygen & CO2 most important

31
Q

plasma nutrients

A

amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids

32
Q

nonprotein nitrogenous substances

A

molecules that contain nitrogen, but are not proteins in plasma

33
Q

NPN’s include…

A
  • urea
  • uric acid
  • creatine
  • creatinine
  • amino acids
  • BUN
34
Q

urea

A

product of protein catabolism; 50% of NPN’s

35
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen; indicates health of kidney
- if level is too high, not enough urea is being excreted due to impaired renal function

36
Q

plasma electrolytes

A

plasma contains ions called electrolytes, since they ionize in water and can conduct electricity; absorbed from intestine or released as by products of cellular metabolism

37
Q

electrolytes in blood plasma

A
  • sodium
  • calcium
  • phosphate
  • chloride
  • potassium
  • bicarbonate
  • sulfate
  • magnesium
38
Q

albumin

A

located in liver; helps maintain colloid osmotic pressure

39
Q

alpha globulins

A

located in liver; transport lipids & fat soluble vitamins

40
Q

beta globulins

A

located in liver; transport lipids & fat soluble vitamins

41
Q

gamma globulins

A

located in lymphatic tissues; constitute the antibodies of immunity

42
Q

fibrinogen

A

located in liver; plays key role in blood coagulation

BIOL 251: Anatomy & Physiology II (28 decks)

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