Cellular Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three laws of Thermodynamics

A

1.) matter cannot be created or destroyed.

2.) entropy (disorder) of the universe is always increasing. The combined change in entropy (system and surroundings) must be positive.

3.)t the entropy of a substance at absolute zero is 0.

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2
Q

Define metabolism

A

metabolic pathways ( a series of chemical reactions) that are happening in a given organism.

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3
Q

Catabolic-metabolism

A

metabolic processes (series of chemical reactions) that involve breaking down molecules for energy (less ordered state, increased entropy)

ex: meaning taking a whole pie and cutting it into pieces making it more disordered thus more entropy

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4
Q

anabolic-metabolism

A

metabolic process (series of chemical reactions) that involves the process of unsing energy to build larger macromolecules (more ordered state, decreased entropy)

ex taking the cut up bye and adding more flower and sugar and putting back into the oven to rebake it and make it whole again takes energy and makes it more ordered so it is a decreased entropy

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5
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

breakdown carbohydrates for energy
consumes oxygen, more energy produces

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6
Q

anerobic cellular respiration

A

breaks down carbohydrates for energy
no oxygen needed, less energy produced

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7
Q

what are two ways cells break down carbohydrates for energy?

A

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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8
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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9
Q

What is ATP?

A

it is an RNA nucleoside triphoshpate

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10
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A

adenine nitrogenous base linked to a bibose sugar(RNA nucleoside part) and the phosphate groups

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11
Q

Why is ATP considered cellular energy currency?

A

this is because of the high energy bonds between the phosphate groups that release energy when hydrolysis breaks the bonds

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12
Q

What the result of ATP breaking phosphate bonds via hydrolysis reaction?

A

the loss of phosphate making it ADP adenosine diphosphate because of the additional negatively changed phosphate group ATP is less stable than ADP

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13
Q

reaction coupling

A

the process of powering and energy-required reaction with an energy-releasing one,

it allows an unfavorable reaction to be pwered by a favorale reaction, making gibbs free energy negative (-deltaG=exergonic=releasing energy+spontageous)

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14
Q

mitochandria are

A

organelles that produce ATP through cellular respiration catabolic process

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15
Q

what is the anatomy of the mitochondria

A

outer and inner membrane has many infoldings called cristae.

the intermembrane space is located between the outer and inner membranes while the mitochondria matrix is located inside the inner membrane.

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16
Q

Endosybiotic theory

A

states that eukaryotes developed when aerobic bacteria were internalized as mitochandria while the photosynthetic bacteria because chloroplasts

17
Q

What is evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

A

similarirites between mitochandira and chloroplasts that include:

-similar size
-their own dna
-ribososmes with large and small subunits
-reproduce independently of the host
-contain double membrane

18
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

is performed to phosphorylate ADP into ATP by breaking down glucose and moving electrons around (oxidation and reduction reactions)

19
Q

Aerobic cellular respiriation involves 4 catabolic processes what are they?

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q
A