[2.1] Principles of Biostatistics in Public Health Practice

Question 1

Is an approach that relies on empirical data, data analysis, and insights to inform
strategies that are aimed at improving outcomes and increasing efficiency across various domains

Answer 1

Data-driven decision-making

Question 2

Is essential at every step in approaching public health problems. While some public health decisions may be based on expert knowledge, data provides a solid foundation for evidence-based decision-making and significantly enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of public health strategies.

Answer 2

Data

Question 3

Primary use of data-driven public health decision-making

Answer 3

Surveillance

Question 4

The continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data is needed to plan, implement, and evaluate public health initiatives

Answer 4

Surveillance

Question 5

Data analytics enables public health professionals to identify and understand the risk factors associated with various diseases and health conditions

Answer 5

Risk Factor Identification

Question 6

Data provides concrete evidence of what works and what may not, allowing policymakers to make informed adjustments to improve outcomes and allocate resources more efficiently

Answer 6

Intervention Evaluation

Question 7

Data analysis allows decision-makers to identify geographical locations or demographics that require more
attention and support.

Answer 7

Implementation

Question 8

Who said “Statistics is the science which deals with collection, classification, and tabulation of numerical facts as the basis for explanation, description, and comparison of a phenomenon”

Answer 8

Lovitt

Question 9

What does statistics cover

Answer 9

Planning
Design
Execution (Data collection)
Data Processing
Data analysis
Presentation
Interpretation
Publication

Question 10

Set of values of one or more variables recorded
on one or more observational units

Answer 10

Data

Question 11

What are the 4 sources of data

Answer 11

1. Routinely kept records
2. Surveys (census)
3. Experiments
4. External source

Question 12

Category of data: Observation, questionnaire, record form, interviews, survey

Answer 12

Primary data

Question 13

Category of data: Census, medical record, registry

Answer 13

Secondary data

Question 14

Quantitative information about a population’s “vital events” such as the number of births (natality), deaths (mortality), marriages (nuptiality), and divorces

Answer 14

Vital Statistics

Question 15

3 Types of Data

Answer 15

QUALITATIVE DATA
DISCRETE QUANTITATIVE
CONTINOUS QUANTITATIVE

Question 16

Example:
Sex (F or M),

Answer 16

Nominal Qualitative

Question 17

Example:
Blood group (A, B, O or AB)

Answer 17

Nominal Qualitative

Question 18

Example: Severity of disease (mild, moderare, severe)

Answer 18

Ordinal Qualitative

Question 19

Example: Exam Result (P or F)

Answer 19

Nominal Qualitative

Question 20

Example: Response to treatment (poor, fair, good)

Answer 20

Ordinal Qualitative

Question 21

Example: No of family members

Answer 21

Discrete Quantitative

Question 22

Example: No of heart beats

Answer 22

Discrete Quantitative

Question 23

Example: No of admission in a day

Answer 23

Discrete Quantitative

Question 24

Example: Height or Weight

Answer 24

Continuous Quantitative

Question 25

Example: Age or BP pr Serum Cholesterol or BMI

Answer 25

Continuous Quantitative

Question 26

It has gaps between possible values

Answer 26

Discrete data

Question 27

Theoretically, has no gaps between possible values

Answer 27

Discrete data

Question 28

Data Collection: What are under Data Presentation

Answer 28

Tabulation
Diagrams
Graphs

Question 29

Data Collection: What are under Descriptive Statistics

Answer 29

Measures of Location
Measures of Dispersion
Measures of Skewness and kurtosis

Question 30

Data Collection: What are under Inferential Statistics

Answer 30

Estimation
Hypothesis testing
Point estimate
Interval estimate

Question 31

Data Collection: What is under Univariate analysis

Answer 31

Multivariate analysis

Question 32

What are the two Experimental significances

Answer 32

1. Statistical significance
2. Practical significance