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Bio 150B > Midterm 1 - Cells > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A
  • one or more cells comprise all organism
  • cell = basic unit of life
  • new cells arise from existing cells
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2
Q

light microscopy

A
  • standard microscope
  • beam of light
  • light passes through lens to see specimen
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3
Q

transmission electron microscopy

A
  • magnifies object
  • electron beam
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4
Q

centrifugation

A
  • separating molecules with different densities
  • spin them in solution around an axis, at high speed
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5
Q

genetics

A
  • heredity and inherited characteristics
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6
Q

surface/volume ratio

A
  • ratio decreases when cell size increases
  • ratio decreases when sphericity increases
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7
Q

gene expression products

A
  • proteins
  • non-coding RNA
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7
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • smaller
  • no membrane bound compartments
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus
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8
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • bigger
  • true nucleus
  • membrane bound nucleus and compartments
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8
Q

membrane-bound compartments

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
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9
Q

nucleus

A
  • cell organelle
  • cell’s DNA
  • directs ribosome and protein synthesis
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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • protein fiber network
  • maintains cell shape
  • secures organelles in specific positions
  • cytoplasm and vesicles move
  • unicellular organism move independently
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10
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • embedded or attached proteins
  • separates cell’s internal content from environment
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11
Q

selective barrier

A
  • allows some things through, stops others
  • molecules, ions, small particles
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11
Q

nuclear envelope

A
  • double-membrane structure
  • nucleus’ outer portion
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12
Q

chromatin

A
  • protein-DNA complex
  • chromosomes building material
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12
Q

chromosomes

A
  • structure within nucleus
  • comprises chromatin that contains DNA, hereditary material
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12
Q

nucleolus

A
  • in nucleus
  • darkly staining body
  • assembles ribosome subunits
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13
Q

ribosome

A
  • cellular structure
  • protein synthesis
  • RNA and proteins
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13
Q

ribosome subunits

A
  • small subunit
  • large subunit
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14
Q

ribosomal RNA

A
  • forms protein-synthesizing organelle
  • helps translate info in messenger RNA into protein
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14
Q

free ribosomes

A
  • unattached to a membrane
  • synthesize all other proteins encoded by nuclear genome
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14
Q

bound ribosomes

A
  • attached to cytosolic side of ER membrane
  • synthesis of proteins translocated into ER
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14
Q

endomembrane system

A
  • group of organelles and membranes
  • eukaryotic
  • modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins
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14
Q

rough ER

A
  • studded with ribosomes
  • protein modification
  • phospholipid synthesis
14
Q

smooth ER

A
  • few or no ribosomes
  • synthesizes carbs, lipids, and steroid hormones
  • detoxifies chemicals
  • stores calcium ions
15
Q

transmembrane proteins

A
  • inserted into phospholipid bilayer
  • specialized membrane functions
15
Q

secreted proteins

A
  • any protein secreted by a cell
  • hormones, enzymes, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides
16
Q

transport vesicles

A
  • move material from one part of cell to another
  • proteins and other molecules
  • move to golgi apparatus
16
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • cell organelle
  • process and package proteins and lipid molecules
16
Q

lysosomes

A
  • animal cell organelle
  • cell’s digestive component
  • breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn-out organells
17
Q

vacuole

A
  • membrane-bound sac
  • larger than a vesicle
  • cellular storage and transport
17
Q

mitochondrion

A
  • cellular organelles
  • carries out cellular respiration
  • produces ATP, cell’s main energy-carrying molecule
18
Q

inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

A
  • inner: transport of hydrogen ions
  • outer: prevents escape of ions
19
Q

electron transport chain

A
  • series of protein complexes and molecules
  • transfer electrons
20
Q

intermembrane space

A
  • space between or involving two or more membranes
  • H+ accumulation
21
Q

mitochondrial genome

A
  • own genome and gene expression
    -37 genes
21
Q

plastids

A
  • subcellular organelles
  • specialized functions in plant cells
  • photosynthesis
  • storage of metabolites
22
Q

chloroplast

A
  • plant cell organelle
  • photosynthesis
23
Q

inner and outer chloroplast membranes

A
  • outer: permeable to small organic molecules
  • inner: less permeable, studded with transport proteins
24
Q

thylakoid membrane

A
  • internal system
  • interconnected membranes
  • light reactions of photosynthesis
24
Q

stroma

A
  • cells and tissues
  • support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissues in the body
24
Q

chloroplast DNA

A
  • circular genome
  • 120,000-247,000 nucleotides
25
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • several fibrous protein intertwined strands
  • supports cell-cell junctions
  • anchors cell to extracellular structures
25
Q

microtubules

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • widest element
  • helps cell resist compression
  • vesicles move through cell
  • structural element of centrioles, flagella, and cilia
26
Q

alpha and beta tubulin

A
  • isotopes
  • differ in amino acid sequence encoded by different genes
  • polymerize into microtubules
27
Q

ATP dependent motor proteins

A
  • drive ATP-dependent motion of organelles along cytoskeletal filaments
  • necessary for homeostasis and secretion
28
Q

cilia

A
  • short, hair-like structure
  • extends from plasma membrane in large numbers
  • moves and entire cell or substances along cell’s outer surface
29
Q

flagella

A
  • long, hair-like structure
  • extends from plasma membrane
  • moves the cell
30
Q

microfilaments

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • narrowest element
  • rigidity and shape to cell
  • enables cellular movements
31
Q

actin

A
  • most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells
  • protein-protein interactions
32
Q

myosin

A
  • prototype of molecular motor
  • converts chemical energy (ATP) to mechanical energy
33
Q

plant cell wall

A
  • extracellular matrix
  • encloses each cell in a plant
34
Q

cellulose

A
  • long linear polysaccharide polymer
  • in structural cell wall tissues
35
Q

plasmodesmata

A
  • channel
  • passes between adjacent plant cells’ walls
  • connects cytoplasm
  • allows material transportation from cell to cell
36
Q

tight junctions

A
  • protein adherence
  • creates firm seal between 2 adjacent animal cells
37
Q

desmosomes

A
  • linkages between adjacent epithelial cells
  • form when cadherins in plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments
38
Q

gap junctions

A
  • channel between 2 adjacent animal cells
  • allows ions, nutrients, and low molecular weight substances to pass between cells
  • allows cells to communicate
39
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • material secreted from animal or fungal cells
  • provides mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in tissue
40
Q

glycoproteins

A
  • carry N- and O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains of complex structures and functions
41
Q

collagen

A
  • most abundant protein in our body
  • strength
42
Q

glycolipids

A
  • carbohydrate attached lipids
  • associated with cell membranes
  • provide energy
  • markers for cellular recognition

Bio 150B (10 decks)

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