Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography-Coasts > Coasts-EQ4 > Flashcards

Coasts-EQ4 Flashcards

1
Q

How can the impacts of coastal flooding and erosion be measured?

A

In terms of economic costs e.g. the cost of repairs and rebuilding, loss of income and resources and money in terms of air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who will some of this burden fall on?

A

Government and international aid organisations (NGOs) but there is still a lot of burden for individuals and families, especially if there is no compensation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who doesn’t the UK government provide compensation for?

A

To the people who lose their homes to coastal erosion. In developing countries, poverty means that rebuilding homes may cost people a large proportion of their income.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are social costs?

A

Those that directly affect people themselves e.g. losing a family member/friend, having to relocate, loss of livelihood and loss of amenities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In 2014, what did the UK Environment Agency estimate?

A

That 7000 properties in England and Wales, worth £1 billion, would be lost to sea-level rise this century and over 800 properties in England and Wales to coastal erosion by 2035.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What will happen to the figure without coastal defences?

A

The number of properties lost would reach 74,000 by 2100.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Without adaptation, by 2050 what will the global cost of sea-level rise look like?

A

Could reach $1 trillion, with global loss of GDP between 0.3% and 9.3% a year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What countries are more vulnerable?

A

Some developing countries and they could lose everything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a refugee?

A

Someone seeking safety in another country due to fear of persecution in their own country but not all climate change migrations will be across international borders which of many take place with the country affected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the United Nations not include within their definition of a refugee?

A

Someone fleeing from climate change but 1most of them are likely to be escaping rising sea levels by the end of the 21st century.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a social impact of coastal flooding in Australia?

A

Infrastructure is not designed to accommodate sea level rise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a economic impact of coastal flooding in Australia?

A

A 1m rise in sea level will expose more than US$162 billion of industrial, commercial, transport and housing infrastructure to coastal flooding and erosion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is another economic impact of coastal flooding in Australia?

A

Industries may such as tourism and fishing may be affected which contribute massively to the GDP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a environment impact of coastal flooding in Australia?

A

-Ground water supply may be affected by salt intrusion.
-Coral reef may be unable to grow fast enough to keep up with sea level rise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a social impact of coastal flooding in Philippines?

A

-Property losses are estimated at about $2.5 million and land loss of $21 million
-Loss of schools, churches and beaches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a economic impact of coastal flooding in Philippines?

A

-High level of poverty makes the country economically vulnerable
-Fishery industry is affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a environment impact of coastal flooding in Philippines?

A

-Sea level rise is higher than global average
-Many coastal cities
-Natural ecosystems have been damaged by pollution which reduces their ability to protect the backshore from sea-level rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 6 hard engineering options for coastal management?

A

-Groynes
-Sea Walls
-Rip Rap
-Revetments
-Offshore Breakwaters
-Gabions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are groynes and what do they do?

A

-Wooden walls on a beach at right angles to the coast to slow down longshore drift movement.
-They can open and close depending on how much beach sediment engineers wish to trap.
-They make a beach wider and higher so that waves expend their energy on it rather than the backshore.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the advantages of groynes?

A

-Maintains size of beach protecting the coast
-Enhances the beach for recreational amenity, assisting tourism
-Less expensive than sea walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of groynes?

A

-Expensive due to the difficulties in getting firm foundation in a beach
-May be an obstacle to people moving freely along a beach
-Not natural and may be unsightly
-Greatly reduces longshore drift causing narrower beaches further down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are sea walls and what do they do?

A

-Appear in different shapes parallel to the backshore
-Recurved sea walls use the shape of a wave to direct the water into the following waves which reduces wave energy
-Stepped seawalls use pointed edges to break up a wave as it hits the wall dissipating the wave energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the advantages of sea walls?

A

-Made from long-lasting concrete and able to absorb wave energy
-Gives people confidence and sense of security
-Tops can be used as promenades which can provide access
-Prevents high water levels from moving inland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea walls?

A

-Most expensive of all coastal defences-£5000 per linear m
-Don’t fit with the natural surroundings and could be unsightly
-May make accessing a beach difficult due to their height
Greatly reduces the supply of sediments, which may affect other coastal areas nearby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is rip rap (rock armour) and what does it do?

A

-Boulders are usually made of granite or specially designed concrete shapes.
-Resistant to erosion and with a large surface area which breaks up waves so dissipates the energy.
-May be used to hold back mass movement on an unstable cliff.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the advantages of rip rap?

A

-Long lasting and flexible in use
-Can be susceptible points on the backshore, to protect the base of a sea wall or to be used as a breakwater or groyne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the disadvantages to rip rap?

A

-Cost about £50 per m3
-May look unsightly even if natural as it may contrast with local geology
-Can create access difficulties as they are dangerous to climb over
-Erosion and weathering may still happen as seawater can move through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are revetments and what do they do?

A

-Sloped walls, often made of wood, placed parallel to the backshore but a short distance in front of it.
-Can take the force of breaking waves which weakens their erosive strength and protect the backshore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are advantages of revetments?

A

-Trap beach sediments behind them, reducing its removal by backwash/longshore drift
-Longshore drift is able to continue
-Allow linear access along beach
-Cheaper alternative to sea walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the disadvantages of revetments?

A

-Coast around £1500 per linear m
-Reduces access up and down the width of the beach
-Look unsightly, especially if they stretch several kilometre along a coasts
-May need constant maintenance as wood is abraded by powerful waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are offshore breakwaters and what do they do?

A

-Rock boulder may be dropped and aligned in short lengths in shallow nearshore waters parallel to the shore
-Purpose is to absorb wave energy and dissipate waves before they even have a change to damage the foreshore or backshore
-Being offshore they allow longshore drift to continue behind them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the advantages of offshore breakwaters?

A

-Have proved effective in protecting vulnerable sections of coast
-Can create sheltered water areas behind them for water sports as well as keeping a beach in place for recreational and tourist use.
-Can be used to protect the entrance to harbours, creating calmer water for safer enter/exit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of offshore breakwaters?

A

-Cost between £1 and £2 million
-May look unsightly at low tide as the geology of the boulders don’t often match the local geology
-May need other coastal engineering to complement them such as sea walls
-May create increased deposition on the landward side, reducing longshore drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are gabions and what do they do?

A

Pebbles in wire baskets which when tied together can make a wall where great surface area absorbs wave energy and breaks up waves

35
Q

What are the advantages of gabions?

A

-Very flexible in terms of placement on the backshore as an additional defence above a sea wall
-Relatively cheap and easy to maintain

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of gabions?

A

-Not very strong so not suitable for high-energy locations
-Need frequent repair
-May be considered unsightly

37
Q

What are the 5 soft engineering options for coastal management?

A

-Beach Nourishment
-Cliff Regrading
-Cliff Drainage
-Dune Stabilisation
-Managed Retreat

38
Q

What is beach nourishment and what does it do?

A

-Replaces beach sediments that may have been eroded or transported by longshore drift.
-A large beach will absorb wave energy and protect the backshore from erosion

39
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment?

A

-Uses natural sediments so looks natural
-Provides and amenity and supports the local tourist industry

40
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A

-Costs about £10 per m3
-Doesn’t last long especially under winter storm conditions so have to be repeated frequently
-Sediments may have been dredged from offshore so changing sediment cell balances and deepening the water so that waves may approach the shore with destructive energy.

41
Q

What is cliff regrading and what does it do?

A

Lithology of a cliff may be unstable and prone to sudden collapses so to remove this uncertainty engineers calculate a stable slope angle based on the rock characteristics.
Cliff slope is then artificially cut back to the stable angle

42
Q

What are the advantages of cliff regrading?

A

-Creates a natural looking slope
-Brings some certainty and confidence to property owners close to the cliff edge and reduces sudden loss of property
-Should remain stable if the base of the slope is protected from marine erosion.

43
Q

What are the disadvantages of cliff regrading?

A

-Costs about £1 million
-Some land and property will be lost when the slope angle is changed
-Engineers may get their calculations wrong
-Stabilisation measures such as cliff drainage and vegetation planting also needed

44
Q

What is cliff drainage and what does it do?

A

-Where the cliff lithology consists of a permeable layer above an impermeable layer, it may be unstable after rainfall due to pore pressure.
-To reduce this pressure and mass movement, drains with gravel can be inserted into the cliff to drain water quickly

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of cliff drainage?

A

-Look natural once completed as engineering is not generally visible
-Reduces mass movement ,bringing some confidence to those owning land and property near the cliff edge

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of cliff drainage?

A

-Difficult to implement along the whole of a cliff without disturbing the cohesion of the rock layers
-Will not prevent mass movement as it only reduces it to some extent

47
Q

What is dune stabilisation and what does it do?

A

-Dunes can provide a natural barrier to sea-level rise and storm waves but are fragile.
-Monitoring their condition and repairing them with a geofabric or replanting of grasses, together of slacks will help keep them in place

48
Q

What are the advantages of dune stabilisation?

A

-Looks natural and is an effective barrier to higher sea level and tides
-Provides a natural ecosystem and recreational area

49
Q

What are the disadvantages of dune stabilisation?

A

-May need to be fences off during works which reduces the amenity value in the short term
-Powerful storms ensure that this approach only works for a short while

50
Q

What is managed retreat and what does it do?

A

-Where it is accepted that there is little that can be done to stop high sea levels changing the coast, areas can be set aside for the sea to flood or erode.
-Example is former salt marshes that are now farmland may be allowed to flood again or buffer zones next to eroding cliffs can be created so that no valuable property is lost.

51
Q

What are the advantages of managed retreat?

A

-Allows natural process to take place uninterrupted
-Can extend current ecosystems

52
Q

What are the disadvantages of managed retreat?

A

-Needs agreement from land and property owners to create these areas
-Doesn’t prevent land being lost and may only be a medium-term solution-depending on the rate of sea-level rise
-Currently no compensation in the UK for land or property loss
-Possible loss of archaeological evidence

53
Q

What is sustainable management?

A

Is a long term approach that considers future threats such as sea level rise and storm surges.

54
Q

What may sustainable management mean doing?

A

Abandoning coastlines such as whole islands states or lowland areas or those where coastal erosion may increase.

55
Q

What may these plans conflict with?

A

The wishes of local people who may lose their land, home, job and sense of community and feel that there is no social justice.

56
Q

Adaptation in the UK has involved a policy change away from hard engineering defences towards ‘more sustainable approaches’ with the aim of what?

A

To:
-Use the latest scientific understanding
-Evaluated new coastal developments
-Ensure that any necessary development provide social and economic benefits
-Ensure the overall long-term sustainable of coastal areas

57
Q

What has this adaptation included?

A

The second phase of Shoreline Management Plans which reflect predictions of sea-level rise by 2100.

58
Q

When is a Cost-Benefit Analysis carried out?

A

Before a coastal-management project is given the go-ahead.

59
Q

What happens in a Cost-Benefit analysis?

A

Costs are forecast and then compared with the expected benefits.

60
Q

What are the 2 types of costs and benefits?

A

Tangible and Intangible

61
Q

What are tangible costs and benefits?

A

Where costs and benefits are known and can be given a monetary value

62
Q

What are intangible costs and benefits?

A

Where costs may be difficult to assess but are important

63
Q

When is a project unlikely to go ahead?

A

When the costs exceed the benefits

64
Q

What are the 2 Holistic Coastal Management Strategies?

A

-Integrated Coastal Zone Management
-Shoreline Management Policies

65
Q

What is the key aim of ICZM planning?

A

Is to co-ordinate all the potential pressures and conflicts of interest at the coast and manage them fairly, responsibly and sustainably.

66
Q

What specifically do the ICZM want to do?

A

-Monitoring, information-gathering and recording of what is taking place at the coast
-Identifying and involving all stakeholders (who may change with time)
-Agreeing coordinated plans that allow key objectives for stakeholders to be met
-Following sustainable strategies
-Managing the natural and human systems responsibly
-Considering changes to coastal systems and anticipating likely impacts
-Adapting plans accordingly

67
Q

What is the Shoreline Management Policies based on?

A

Based on 11 natural cells and subcells led to the development of Shoreline Management Plans produced through cooperation between all the relevant Coast Protections Authorities

68
Q

What is the Shoreline Management Plan 2?

A

Coastal defences for each coastal management unit are judged on the certain criteria.

69
Q

What are the criteria for the Shoreline Management Plan 2?

A

-Technically sound coastal engineering appropriate to natural process
-Environmentally acceptable protection measures
-Economically viable coastal defences
-Long term sustainability of natural coastal processes
-Maintenance and repair costs

70
Q

What is each management unit then allocated?

A

1 of 4 management policies.

71
Q

What are the 4 management policies?

A

-Hold the existing shoreline
-Advance the exiting shoreline
-Managed realignment of the shoreline
-No active intervention

72
Q

What is Hold the Shoreline?

A

Intervention with maintenance of existing defences and building of new defences

73
Q

What is Advance the Existing Shoreline?

A

Intervention with the building of new defences of the seaward side.

74
Q

What is Managed Realignment of the Shoreline?

A

No planned intervention, with natural processes operating without interference but monitoring and managing the processes in certain places where necessary

75
Q

What is No Active Intervention?

A

Doing nothing, with no investment in defences or maintenance of any existing defences; these coastlines will normally retreat.

76
Q

Why was the Shoreline Management Plan 2 controversial in a few places?

A

As the policy changed from holding the line to no active intervention.

77
Q

What did this change affect?

A

Affected property value and security of communities

78
Q

In both periods, what was the emphasis on which was likely to have caused this impact?

A

On the cost-benefit analysis which compares the cost of coastal defences with the value of land to be protected.

79
Q

What normally needs to be carried out for Coastal Management?

A

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

80
Q

What may an EIA have some influence on the final decision of?

A

Cost Benefit Analysis

81
Q

What are the 2 aims to identify of the CBA?

A

-Short-term impacts of construction on the coastal environment
-Long-term impacts of building new sea defences of changing a policy from hold the line to no active intervention or managed realignment

82
Q

What are the types of widely ranged assessments used?

A

Impacts on water movement and sediment flow affecting marine ecosystems due to changes in sediment load
Impacts on water quality affecting sensitive marine species
Changes is marine plants, fish and other marine mammals
Wider environmental impacts such as air and noise pollution

83
Q

What are the positives of an EIA?

A

-Protects local tourists assets
-Provides sand dune stability
-Allows natural processes and natural evolution of the coastline
-Retains critical infrastructure and enhances navigable channels
-Allows landward migration of intertidal habitats
-Increases biodiversity

84
Q

What are the negatives of an EIA?

A

-Increases ‘coastal squeeze’ leading to a loss of national and international intertidal habitats
-Increases loss of reed beds and habitats for bitterns and geese species

Geography-Coasts (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions