Urbanisation (Mumbai) Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
The process of people migrating from rural areas to urban areas for better life opportunities.
What are pull and push factors? State examples of both:
Pull: (factors that compel people to move to urban areas)
-higher paying jobs
-education
-available resources (food, water, electricity)
Push: (factors that encourage people to move away from rural areas)
-low income jobs
-lack of education
-environment is making their lives unstable (climate change effecting food accessibility)
-war
What is can cause population increase?
Natural increase and rural to urban migration.
What is rural to urban migration?
Where people move from the countryside to cities (built up areas)
What is natural increase?
When the population’s birth rate is higher than death rate.
How does rural to urban migration effect the population in Mumbai?
In Mumbai rural to urban migration has caused the population to increase dramatically due to the abundance of jobs and education opportunities. However, due to this rapid increase Mumbais has established slums to house the population that came there for work.
Give two reasons why the rate of urban growth decreases in HIC’s:
As HIC’s have previously been urbanised due to the Industrial Revolution, so many of the countries population already live in urban places. Instead the who want a better quality of life choose to move to rural areas.
How does rural to urban migration explain the population structure of some NEE’s / LIC’s?
Rural to urban migration causes the population structure of some countries to show that the country has a much more younger demographic, with most of the population being between 20-30 yrs old, this is because the migrants who migrate to urban areas are most young people seeking education and jobs. These people are also of child baring age, meaning that the population accommodates many young children due to natural increase.
Why might urbanisation slow down in HIC’s?
-They have been previously urbanised.
-Some don’t have the need to actually move to urban areas for work and education due to the advance in technology which made it easier for people to commute and work from home.
Where are many of the megacities?
Asia
Where is urbanisation mostly taking place?
In NEE’s or LIC’s
What is Mumbai’s location?
North west of India located in the Maharashtra State.
How is Mumbai internationally and nationally important?
International-
Has an international airport connecting India to many other countries/ cities with many international passengers passing through it.
South Asia’s biggest cultural industry.
National-
A city which is growing in wealth rapidly, with its per capita income being higher than the national income.
The employability rate is very high, despite the growing wealth their are many people also able to get unskilled jobs that are self employed.
What are some opportunities and challenges (social and economic) that Dharavi has provided and how are these challenges overcome?
Opportunities-
Social-
-A sense of community due to the associated gathering blocks that helps people to engage in the community, like washing areas, markets which in turn decreases crime.
-Many jobs are available that require no experience and skills so many people have an income to send their children to school so the literacy rate is high (90%)
-Better healthcare, accessibility to electricity.
Economic-
-High employability rate, so people can afford to increase their quality of life.
-An informal economy so no taxes are paid to government meaning people can gain more money without giving it away.
Challenges-
Social-
-Though there is a high accessibility in water, there is also a limited time for this, between 5:30-7:30 am, and these water pipes run through open sewers, risking diseases.
-Many children have joined the world of work instead of going to school.
-Open sewers and lack of waste management resulted in garbage and chemical waste being a common substance in slums, open sewers are right next to homes and sources of water, increasing the likeliness of disease due to the poor sanitation.
-Due to the large population, many houses actually house 20 people, this lack of space may result in lack of privacy and a lower quality of life.
-There is also a lack of toilets, making people resort in using the streets as a toilet, lowering their dignity.
Economic-
-The informal economy disables the government to have the funding from their people to help them invest money in Dharavi and to improve it to better peoples lives.
-Though the employability rate is high, many jobs are hazardous and low income, for example rag pickers get pair $1 per day for their labour intensive work.
How has Mumbai dealt with problems in the slums and how effective are they?
Slum sanitation project :
Installed 300+ toilet blocks and 5100 individual toilets that are gender specific giving people privacy and a more hygienic place to use, reducing disease. The scheme employs and provides jobs to maintain the toilets, giving people a new income which is funded by the community. It also gives people a better electricity and water supply reducing dangerous accidents regarding unsafe fires. However, areas who are under rehabilitation orders aren’t eligible for this project.
Slum resettlement scheme:
Due to Mumbai’s urban transportation project, houses were cleared near the railways to ensure their safety, and the people displaced were resettled into newer houses that provided clean water and electricity. This kept them away from any diseases as they are kept away from open sewers and have better toilets. However these new resettlements have turned into slums in the skies which have ended up destroying their sense of community as they can’t interact with each other and many family businesses were destroyed.
