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WQ24 - A&P I > Summary of Joints > Flashcards

Summary of Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Synarthrotic

A

bony edges close together; may interlock
- extremely strong joints
- immobile
example(s):
- bony fusion
- fibrous
- cartilaginous

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2
Q

Amphiarthrotic

A

joints with limited mobility; flexible but don’t allow for a great deal of movement
- articulating bones connected by collagen fibers or cartilage
example(s):
- fibrous
- cartilaginous

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3
Q

Diarthrotic

A

aka synovial joints; most flexible type of joint btwn bones; bones are not physically connected and can move freely in relation to e/o
- widest range of motion
- weakest joints
- typically located at ends of long bones (upper and lower appendages)
- complex joint bound by joint capsule containing synovial fluid
- multiaxial = nonaxial
- monaxial - movement in one plane
- biaxial - movement in two planes
- triaxial - movement in all three planes

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4
Q

bony fusion joints

A

2 bones fused into 1; immobile
example(s):
- epiphysis and diaphysis w/ epiphyseal line
- ilium, ischium, and pubis forming os coxa
- several bones forming sacrum
- several bones forming coccyx

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5
Q

synarthrotic fibrous joints

A

fibrous tissue binds bones together; fixed joint where collagenous fibrous connective tissue connects two bones; usually immovable with limited flexibility
- sutures: squamous, sagittal, coronal, lambdoidal

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6
Q

synarthrotic cartilaginous joints

A

type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by cartilage (hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage); slightly moveable & lack a joint cavity
- epiphysis and diaphysis with growth plate (epiphyseal plate)

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7
Q

diarthrotic synovial joints

A

aka moveable joints; freely moving joints that allow for free movement

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8
Q

gliding joints

A

multiaxial=nonaxial diarthrotic joints
example(s):
- between carpals
- between tarsals
- between manubrium of sternum and sternal end of clavicle
- between auricular surface of sacrum and ilium of os coxa
- between superior articulating processes and inferior articulating processes of adj. vertebrae

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9
Q

hinge joint

A

monaxial - movement in one plane
example(s):
- between phalanges = interphalangeal
- elbow
- knee
- ankle

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10
Q

pivot joints

A

monaxial - movement in one plane
example(s):
- between atlas and axis (atlas pviots around ondontoid process of axis)
- radial head pivoting around radial notch of ulna

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11
Q

ellipsoidal joints

A

biaxial: movement in two planes
example(s):
- between metacarpals and proximal phalanges
- between metatarsals and proximal phalanges
- between radius and carpals

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12
Q

ball-n-socket joints

A

triaxial - movement in all three planes
example(s):
- shoulder
hip

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13
Q

can you feel pain in synovial joints?

A

no– there are no pain receptors or nerves within these joints; the pain from dislocation comes from nerves associated with outside the capsule, ligaments, and tendons

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14
Q

articulating cartilage

A

covers articulating bones
- surfaces are slick and smooth to reduce friction during joint movement
- when pressure is applied, opposing cartilage doesn’t touch
synovial fluid in between minimizes friction and acts like a sponge

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15
Q

what happens when a synovial joint is damaged?

A

joint is no longer functional
- smooth surface changes to rough, bristly collagen fibers and increased friction at joint - - due to the breakdown of cartilage matrix

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16
Q

synovial fluid

A

resembles interstitial fluid
- increased proteoglycans
- clear and viscous
total volume: 3ml

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17
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

shock absorber, lubrication, nutrient distribution and water-disposal route

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18
Q

synovial fluid as a shock absorber

A

cushions shock in joint subj. to compression like in hip, knee, and ankle
increased pressure allows for fluid to distribute evenly across surfaces and outward toward edges of capsules

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19
Q

synovial fluid as lubrication

A

helps the joints move smoothly and w/o friction
- as cartilage is pressed, fluid squeezes out into space btwn opposing surfaces

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20
Q

synovial fluid in nutrient distribution and waste-disposal route

A

for chondrocytes of articular cartilage; circulates as joint moves
- nutrients constantly pumped into and out of cartilage matrix

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21
Q

meniscus

A

accessory structure; fibrocartilage pad between opposing articular surfaces

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22
Q

fat pad

A

accessory structure; adipose tissue, protects articular cartilage and fills in space as joint moves

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23
Q

ligaments

A

accessory structure; very strong reinforces joint capsule and connects bone to bone

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24
Q

what happens in a sprain?

A

the ligament is stretched to the point where some collagen fibers tear

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25
Q

what happens when excessive force happens upon a ligament?

A

bone breaks before ligament tears

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26
Q

duration for ligament repair

A

due to no direct blood supply and the fact that the nutrients must diffuse throughout, it takes a long time to repair

27
Q

tendon

A

accessory structure; attaches muscle to bone; not a part of articulation; provides mechanical support as it aids in strengthening the joint
MIGHT hinder ROM

28
Q

bursae

A

accessory structure; small, fluid-filled pockets in CT lined with synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid
- formed where tendon or ligament rubs against other tissue (similar to calluses and blisters)
- reduces friction and acts as shock absorber

29
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation due to friction, pressure, irritation, infection, or trauma
- repetitive motion usually at shoulder
- tennis elbow, housemaid’s knee, student’s elbow

30
Q

how is a bunion related to bursae?

A

pressure-related bursitis; usually at base of great toe (1st metatarsal)

31
Q

is a joint with a greater ROM stronger or weaker?

A

weaker

32
Q

quality/structure of collagen fibers of joint capsule and accessory ligaments

A

increase stability of joints

33
Q

how does the presence of other bones affect joint stability?

A

more bones surrounding = greater stability

34
Q

true or false: the tendons attached to the articulating bones affect joint stability

A

true

35
Q

how does the shape of articulating surfaces and menisci affect joint stability?

A

prevents movement in specific direction

36
Q

double-jointed joints

A

weakly stabilized as it permits a greater range of motion people with double-jointed limbs are more likely to suffer partial or complete dislocations

37
Q

what is a dislocation?

A

articulating surfaces forced out of position

38
Q

what can displacement of an articulating surface do?

A

potentially can damage articular cartilages, tear ligaments, or distort the joint capsule

39
Q

linear motion

A

aka gliding; 2 opposing surfaces glide past one another
- between surfaces of articulating carpal bones
- between tarsal bones
- between clavicle and sternum
- movement almost any direction, but amount is slight

40
Q

flexion

A

anterior-posterior plane, decrease angle between articulating elements (<180º assuming 180º is anatomical position)

41
Q

extension

A

anterior-posterior plane, increase angle between articulating elements back to anatomical position

42
Q

hyperextension

A

increase angle between articulating elements past anatomical position
- generally prevented by ligaments & bony processes

43
Q

abduction

A

away from longitudinal axis (medial line) in frontal plane or from a central digit (fingers and toes)

44
Q

adduction

A

toward longitudinal axis (medial line) in frontal plane or toward central digit

45
Q

circumduction

A

moving arm in a loop
- hand moves in a circle, but arm does not rotate

46
Q

supination

A

palm is turned anteriorly (anatomical position)

47
Q

pronation

A

palm faces posterior

48
Q

head rotation

A

right-left

49
Q

limb rotation

A
  • medial/inward rotation: anterior surface of limb turns toward long axis of trunk
  • lateral/outward rotation: anterior surface of limb turns outward away from long axis of trunk
50
Q

inversion

A

sole turns inward, elevates medial edge of sole

51
Q

eversion

A

sole turns outward, depresses medial edge of sole

52
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexion of ankle, raises sole, dig in heel (as if into the ground)

53
Q

plantar flexion

A

extension of ankle, elevates heel (as if on tiptoes)

54
Q

opposition

A

thumb toward surface of palm or pads of digits; enables grasp and hold of objects

55
Q

protraction

A

anterior movement in horizontal plane (jutting out jaw)

56
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement in horizontal plane

57
Q

depression

A

movement in inferior direction

58
Q

elevation

A

movement in superior direction

59
Q

lateral flexion

A

vertebral column bends to the side

60
Q

rheumatism

A

general term indicating pain and stiffness of skeletal and/or muscular systems

61
Q

arthritis

A

encompasses all rheumatic diseases affecting synovial joints
- always involves damage to articular cartilages
- cause can vary: bacterial, viral, injury, metabolic, severe physical stresses

62
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease (DJD)
- generally affects 60yo+
- due to cumulative wear and tear at joint surfaces
- also due to genetic factors affecting collagen formation
- preventative actions: regular exercise, physical therapy, drugs reducing inflammation (aspirin)

63
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

inflammatory condition
- affects 0.5-1.0% of adult population
- some cases can be an autoimmune disease
- body attacks its own joint tissue
- possible triggers: allergies, bacteria, viruses, and genetic factors

64
Q

how can joint quality be affected?

A
  • years of use and abuse
  • if not used at all, joints get stiff and there is a lack of synovial circulation
  • ^decrease in ability to repair damage
  • fractures easier
    prevention: exercise to maintain mobility

WQ24 - A&P I (4 decks)

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