Voice

Question 1

What is jitter?

Answer 1

variations in vocal fundamental frequency or fundamental frequency pertubation

Question 2

What is shimmer?

Answer 2

variations in vocal fundamental frequency or fundamental frequency pertubation, but affecting amplitude or intensity of sound waves

Question 3

When modifying a transgender person’s voice, consider the following factors:

Answer 3

increasing intonational variability; changing fundamental frequency; changing the upper and lower limits of the frequency range

Question 4

What is indirect laryngoscopy?

Answer 4

a procedure in which a small mirror and light source is inserted through the mouth to view the larynx. A patient is not sedated and sits upright in a chair

Question 5

What is direct laryngoscopy?

Answer 5

a procedure in which a patient is sedated and a small mirror and light source is inserted through the mouth to view the larynx

Question 6

What is a videostroboscopy?

Answer 6

a strobing light that records the vocal folds during vibration

Question 7

What are differences between a flexible fiber optic laryngoscopy and a endoscopy?

Answer 7

With a flexible fiber optic laryngoscopy, one can view the vocal folds while the person is speaking and it is passed through nasally. An endoscope can be passed through the mouth or the nose and you can view the anatomy and physiology of the larynx

Question 8

What is videokymyography?

Answer 8

taking pictures and videos of the vocal folds moving

Question 9

What is the difference between an electroglottography (EGG) and electromyography (EMG)?

Answer 9

EGG is noninvasive and used to see how VFs open and close by putting electrodes on both sides of the thyroid cartilage; EMG is invasive and used to see patterns of VF activity by putting a needle in the laryngeal muscles

Question 10

What are the differences between vocal nodules and vocal polyps?

Answer 10

Nodules are unilateral or bilateral, may require surgery, and can result in breathy, hoarse, or low pitch voice. Vocal polyps are unilateral and can result in diplophonia, breathy voice or hoarse voice

Question 11

What is cul-de sac resonance?

Answer 11

a muffled or hollow sound due to the tongue being retracted all the way back which blocks part of the back of the oral cavity

Question 12

What are voice symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer 12

Since MS results in demyelination of white matter, a patient can have artic breakdowns, breathy and harsh voice, hypernasal, impaired prosody and unable to control pitch and loudness.

Question 13

What are voice symptoms associated with myasthenia gravis?

Answer 13

Since myasthenia gravis is associated with a decrease in acetylcholine leading to muscle weakness and fatigue, symptoms include hypernasality, soft sounding voice, breathy, and hoarse; dysphagia may be present too

Question 14

What parts of the vocal folds are considered the body?

Answer 14

muscular layer and deep layer of the lamina propria

Question 15

What parts of the vocal folds are considered the cover?

Answer 15

epithelium layer; superficial and intermediate lamina propria

Question 16

Which muscle relaxes the vocal folds?

Answer 16

thyroarytenoid muscles

Question 17

What is electromyography?

Answer 17

an invasive instrumental evaluation where needles are placed through the skin into the muscle to measure muscle electrical currents

Question 18

What is electroglottography?

Answer 18

a noninvasive instrumental evaluation in which electrodes are placed on the larynx and vocal fold vibrations are recorded during voice production

Question 19

Who is the medical team when evaluating voice disorders?

Answer 19

general practitioner; radiologist; otolaryngologist; social worker; orthodontist; psychiatrist/psychologist; neurologist; gastroenterologist; pulmonary specialist

Question 20

Who is the educational team when evaluating voice disorders?

Answer 20

school counselor; school psychologist; school nurse; classroom teacher

Question 21

What are the options for a patient who gets a laryngectomy?

Answer 21

esophageal speech; electrolarynx; implanted devices (e.g., Blom-Singer tracheoesophageal puncture)

Question 22

Why do men have a lower fundamental frequency than women?

Answer 22

They have larger vocal folds

Question 23

What is presbyphonia?

Answer 23

age related voice disorder characterized by perceptual changes in quality, loudness, and pitch

Question 24

When dealing with a transgender individual who wants to change her voice to match her gender identity and is dealing with emotional issues surrounding her gender reassignment, what should you do?

Answer 24

advise the patient that a combination of speech counseling and voice therapy would help. They could also seek advice from a physician to determine whether there are surgical options

Question 25

What is vocal fry?

Answer 25

a crackly sound of voice that results from the vocal folds vibrates very slowly but with no clear, regular pattern of vibration