Chapter 9

Question 1

semantics

Answer 1

the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences

Question 2

associative meaning

Answer 2

the type of meaning that people
might connect with the use of words (e.g. needle = “painful”) that is not part of conceptual meaning

Question 3

conceptual meaning

Answer 3

the basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of words
(e.g. thin, sharp, steel instrument for needle)

Question 4

semantic features

Answer 4

basic elements such as “human, included as plus (+human) or minus (−human), used in an analysis of the components of word meaning

Question 5

agent

Answer 5

the semantic role of the noun phrase
identifying the one who performs the action of the verb in an event (The boy kicked the ball)

Question 6

experiencer

Answer 6

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that has the feeling, perception or state described by the verb (e.g. The boy feels sad)

Question 7

instrument

Answer 7

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb (e.g. The boy cut the rope with a razor)

Question 8

semantic role

Answer 8

the part played by a noun phrase, such as agent, in the event described by the sentence

Question 9

theme

Answer 9

the semantic role of the noun phrase used to identify the entity involved in or affected by the action of the verb in an event (e.g. The boy kicked the ball)

Question 10

goal

Answer 10

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves to (e.g. The boy walked to the window)

Question 11

lexical relations

Answer 11

the relationships of meaning, such as synonymy, between words

Question 12

location (in semantics)

Answer 12

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity is (e.g. The boy is sitting in the classroom)

Question 13

source

Answer 13

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves from (e.g. The boy ran from the house)

Question 14

synonymy

Answer 14

the lexical relation in which two or more wordsd have very closely related meanings (e.g. “conceal” is a synonym of “hide”)

Question 15

gradable antonyms

Answer 15

words with opposite meanings along a scale (e.g. big–small)

Question 16

non-gradable antonyms

Answer 16

words which are direct opposites (e.g. alive–dead)

Question 17

reversives

Answer 17

antonyms in which the meaning of one is the reverse action of the other (e.g. dress–undress)

Question 18

antonymy

Answer 18

the lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings (“Shallow” is an antonym of “deep”)

Question 19

hyponymy

Answer 19

the lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another (e.g. “daffodil” is a hyponym of “flower”)

Question 20

co-hyponyms

Answer 20

words in hyponymy that share the same superordinate (“daffodil” and “rose” are co-hyponyms of “flower”)

Question 21

superordinate

Answer 21

the higher level term in hyponymy (e.g. flower–daffodil)

Question 22

prototype

Answer 22

the most characteristic instance of a category (e.g. “robin” is the prototype of “bird”)

Question 23

homophones

Answer 23

two or more words with different forms and the same pronunciation (e.g. to–too–two)

Question 24

homonyms

Answer 24

two words with the same form that are unrelated in meaning (e.g. mole (on skin) – mole (small animal))

Question 25

polysemy

Answer 25

a word having two or more related meanings (e.g. foot, of person, of bed, of mountain)

Question 26

metonymy

Answer 26

a word used in place of another with which it is closely connected in everyday experience (e.g. He drank the whole bottle (= the liquid))

Question 27

collocation

Answer 27

a relationship between words that frequently occur together (e.g. salt and pepper)

Question 28

corpus linguistics

Answer 28

the study of language in use by analyzing the occurrence and frequency of forms in a large collection of texts typically stored in a computer