Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geog 480 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

fundamentally, a map is

A

a form of communication in which there is subjectivity and miscommunication is common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anything in GIS deals with

A

representation
bias is at every step of the map making process and in every choice we make

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

two critical aspects of maps

A

knowledge is power!
KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is geographical representation?

A

among the olders and most important forms of human knowledge
graphical (maps and pictures)
verbal ( oral or written)
numerical (statistics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two key issues in geographic representation/communication

A

what to represent

how to represent it

(who are you trying to communicate with?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe human imperfect knowledge

A

we do not know everything!
scientific knowledge is work in progress
can seldom establish who or what is correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

human made versus natural spatial phenomena

A

human made = usually discrete (buildings, roads)

natural = continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is cognition

A

perception, thought process, memories, experiences, biases

everyone interprets things differently based on their personal views

things that are close to us are the most important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 aspects of cognitive biases and representations

A

attaching importance
proximity and familiarity

cultural biases

why do certain symbols/words work
culturally significant - know your audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe and explain the cognitive map

A

cognitive maos are an internalization of everything we (individual) know and perceive
prior knowledge plays an important role

EX.
cog map at T0 + new experience (looking at map) = cognitive map at T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the importance of shared knowledge in communication

A

in cartopgrahy there will usually be some overlap between map maker and map reader.
map maker must determine WHAT is that overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

online access to geographic data and its issues

A

lethora of geographic data online, which dramatically changes how we can learn about people and places

Issue:
who controls this information
what are we not being told

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the cartographic process (feedback loop)

A

an iterative process between the map maker and map user

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the reality to cognitive map

A

reality - cartographers reality - map - readers reality

requires following actions
selection
generalization
classification
simplification
symbolization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe NOIR groups

A

nominal - cannot be sorted (names)

ordinal - ranking between ranks does not matter (first, second , third)

interval - ranking between matters, zero IS arbitrary, can add/subtract

ratio - zero is NOT arbitrary, can do multiplication/division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the geospatial triangle

A

an object is connected by 3 primary things

attribute
location
time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 4 general types of maps

A

reference
thematic
static
dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

map functions ranked

A
  1. navigation
  2. urban planning
  3. forecast (weather)
  4. management/storage or monitoring
  5. education
  6. legal maps - property lines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are choropleth maps

A

commonly used to portray data collected from discrete spatial units

limitations
does not show variation within unit
boundaries are arbitrary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

proportional and graduated symbol maps

A

scaling symbols in porportion to magnitude of data

proportional - unclassed quantitative, size according to specific value

graduated - distribute features into distinct classes

largest challenge is how to scale the symbol

21
Q

isarithmic mapping

A

based on continuity of phenomena

isometric - true point data

isopleth - conceptual point data
collected in an area or volume but data is considered at local points

22
Q

map use cube

A

public visual communication vs private visual thinking

cartograhic “rules” depend on your positon in the map use cube

what is your maps purpose?

23
Q

power and privilege

A

maps are not objective - carry hidden agendas, can exploit or conceal information

situated knowledge - all knowledge is partial and uncertain

maps are taken for the truth, especially when they visually look good
designers have the power

24
Q

what is an important factor for dynamic animated maps but not static maps

A

orientation

25
Q

six basic visual variables

A

position
size
shape
orientation
patter
colour

26
Q

describe gestalt

A

something that is made of many parts yet somehow is perceived as a whole

very critical for cartography

form, shape, whole

fundamentally important

works with figure/ground

27
Q

figure/ground relationship

A

ways of accentuating one object over another based on human perception

stratified depth

based on contrast

briing important material forward

28
Q

what is a graticule

A

network of lines on a gride
latitude/longitude

29
Q

HSV & RGB

A

HSV - used for cartography (attempts to be intuitive and mimic the way humans see light)

RGB - not as much use, good for computer colour production (never use)

30
Q

trichromatic colour perception

A

red, green, and blue in our eyes.
colour perception done in your brain (positive/negative effect)

31
Q

CIE Lab

A

best model for how we perceive colour
3d, flexible model

32
Q

spatial fallacies

A

locational
atomic/individualistic
ecological
MAUP

33
Q

describe MAUP

A

key analysis of spatial data
human like geography
as you change boundaries between numerical units you can get different statistics

34
Q

describe ecologial fallacy

A

use of spatial data about a group and apply it to an individual

35
Q

describe individualistic/atomic fallacy

A

make decisions about a group based on an individual
nearly the opposite of ecological

36
Q

describe locational fallacy

A

areas of the city summarizes household income but units are based on wok structure

Ex. darren income being included in UofC concensus rather than Tuscany

37
Q

classification - univariate

A

mapping one variable
common misuse of data
optimal (fisher-jenks) most important (default class)

38
Q

what are developable surfaces?

A

surfaces that can represent 3d mapping in 2d

plane
cone
cylinder

39
Q

list and example for a conformal and equal area map

A

conformal - mercator

equal area - Wagner IV

40
Q

Patterns of distortion (cylindrical)

A

tangent - touches globe in one place

secant - touches globe in two places

41
Q

what is hypsometry (hysometric tinting)

A

used for elevation
how much of an area is at elevation
distribution of elevation

42
Q

what are isolines

A

point data converted into continuous fields

43
Q

what are hillshade models

A

models used ot show depth

can be unidirectional or multidirectional

44
Q

colour ramp vs classed colour values

A

colour ramp = smooth gredation

classed values you can see where areas of colour start and end

45
Q

bivariate and trivariate choropleths

A

maps two variables (bi)

maps three variables (tri)
hard for viewers
very advanced

46
Q

nature of time maps

A

discrete mapping = linear time

continuous mapping = cyclic

47
Q

web maps

A

static

dynamic

tiled maps - rapid zooming and planning

mashup - combination of multiple sources

48
Q

describe the importance of static and longform visual stories

A

narrative, longform maps are everywhere, very popular, and often trusted and info is retained by viewers

Geog 480 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions