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3a Child Health > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What is ALL?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Most common in children
Affects B or T lymphocytes

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2
Q

What syndrome increases risk of ALL?

A

Downs - by 30 times!

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of ALL?

A

Lymphadenopathy
Anaemia
Infection
Bleeding
Headaches
Hepatosplenomegaly
Night sweats, failure to thrive, weight loss, petechiae

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4
Q

What is the diagnosis for ALL?

A

Blast cells on bone marrow aspirate
PAS = positive
Positive nuclear staining for TdT

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5
Q

What is the treatment for ALL?

A

Methotrexate chemotherapy
Steroids

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6
Q

What is AML?

A

Neoplastic proliferation of immature blast cells unable to differentiate to mature neutrophils resulting in bone marrow failure

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7
Q

What does AML lead to?

A

Crowding out of other cells causing loss of RBC (anaemia), platelets (bleeding) and neutrophils (infection)

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of AML?

A

Only leukaemia with gum infiltration
General anaemia
Infections
Splenomegaly
Night sweats, fever, failure to thrive, petechiae

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9
Q

What are the investigations for AML?

A

Auer rods on bone marrow biopsy
Blast cells on bone marrow aspirate

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10
Q

What is the treatment for AML?

A

Blood and platelet transfusions
Chemotherapy
Allopurinol to prevent tumour lysis

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11
Q

What is CML?

A
  • Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid cells
  • Most cases are due to a reciprocal translocation of 9;22 of the Philadelphia chromosome which increases tyrosine kinase
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12
Q

What is the treatment for CML?

A

Oral imatinib - tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Chemotherapy
Stem cell/ bone marrow transplant

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13
Q

What is a complication of CML?

A

Can progress to AML

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14
Q

What is wilms tumour?

A

Nephroblastoma - specific tumour affecting the kidney in children typically under 5

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of wilms tumour?

A

Abdominal pain and mass
Haematuria
Lethargy
Fever
Hypertension
Weight loss

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16
Q

What are some investigations for wilms tumour?

A

USS abdomen
CT scan of abdomen - claw sign
Biopsy

17
Q

What is the management for wilms tumour?

A

Nephrectomy
Chemotherapy/ radiotherapy
Regular USS and CXR

18
Q

What is a neuroblastoma?

A

A malignant embryonal tumour derived from neural crest tissue.

19
Q

What is the most common site of a neuroblastoma?

A

Adrenal glands followed by the abdominal sympathetic chain

20
Q

What rash can a neuroblastoma cause?

A

Blueberry muffin

21
Q

What is a urine test for neuroblastoma?

A

Urine catecholamine to creatinine ratio

22
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for neuroblastoma?

A

MIBG scan

23
Q

What is retinoblastoma?

A

A rare eye cancer affecting the retina which can be heritable or non-heritable.
Nearly all are caused by a heritable abnormality in the retinoblastoma gene (RB1).

24
Q

What are some symptoms of retinoblastoma?

A

Absent or abnormal light reflex
Squint
Visual deterioration
White glow/ reflection in pupil
Uncontrolled eye movements and pain

25
Q

What are the investigations for retinoblastoma?

A

Red reflex test
USS of eye
Blood tests
MRI
Vision test

26
Q

What are the majority of bone tumours?

A

Osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma

27
Q

The majority of bone cancers spread from where

A

PBKTL - prostate, breast, kidney, thyroid, lung

28
Q

What is the presentation of osteosarcoma and where does it affect?

A

Localise pain and swelling
Pathological fracture
Mostly long bones around knee and humerus
Metaphysis is more common than mid-shaft

29
Q

What are the investigations and gold standard for osteosarcoma?

A

Biopsy is gold
X-ray
Lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase
MRI of primary site
Chest CT
Isotope bone scan

30
Q

What is a Ewing’s Sarcoma?

A

Arises from primitive poorly differentiated neuroectodermal cells
Diaphysis of long bones most common
Axial skeleton more than OS
Pelvis most common

31
Q

What are the investigations for Ewings sarcoma?

A

Plain x-ray shows lytic lesion with periosteal reactions and ‘onion skin’ appearance
Biopsy is gold

32
Q

What is an osteoid osteoma?

A

Benign tumour arising from osteoblasts
Small tumours around metaphysis of long bones

33
Q

What is the presentation of osteoid osteoma?

A

Localised progressive pain
Worse at night
Improves with NSAIDs
Localised swelling, tenderness and limping

34
Q

what is a hepatoblastoma?

A

Very rare cancer starting in the liver which usually doesn’t metastasise

35
Q

What are some symptoms of hepatoblastoma?

A

Lump in abdomen
Pain and swelling
Loss of appetiite
Weight loss
Fatigue
N+V
Fever
Itchy skin
Jaundice

36
Q

What are the most common sites of low grade gliomas?

A

cerebellum and optic pathway

37
Q

What are some symptoms of brain tumours?

A

Headaches - worse in mornings
N+V
Seizures
Irritable
Losing interest in activities
Eye problems
Fatigue

38
Q

What are some investigations for brain tumours?

A

FBC
CT
MRI
Biopsy

3a Child Health (14 decks)

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