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Residency Exam > Introduction to haematology blood tests (Panopto video file) > Flashcards

Introduction to haematology blood tests (Panopto video file) Flashcards

1
Q

What does anaemia refer to?

A

A shortage of red blood cells or their haemoglobin content

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2
Q

What are 4 ways anaemias may be classified by pathophysiology?

A
  1. Blood loss
  2. Decreased production
  3. Dysfunctional red blood cells (sickle cell anaemia)
  4. Increased destruction
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3
Q

What are 3 ways anaemias can be classified based on morphology?

A
  1. Normocytic
  2. Microcytic
  3. Macrocytic
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4
Q

How can anaemias be classified based on colour and appearance?

A

Normochromic vs hypochromic vs hyperchromic (based on their blood film)

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5
Q

What is a usual reference point for the size of red blood cells on a blood smear?

A

The size of lymphocytes

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6
Q

What is the relationship between reticulocytes and anaemia?

A

Reticulocytes are pushed out into the blood when a patient is anaemic as a compensatory mechanism

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7
Q

What are two common causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A
  1. B12 deficiency
  2. Folate deficiency
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8
Q

What is the usual anaemia seen with B12 deficiency?

A

Macrocytic anaemia

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9
Q

Does folate deficiency usually lead to macrocytic or microcytic anaemia?

A

Macrocytic anaemia

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10
Q

What type of anaemia is commonly seen with iron deficiency?

A

Hypochromic microcytic anaemia

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11
Q

What type of anaemia is commonly seen with iron deficiency?

A

Hypochromic microcytic anaemia

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12
Q

What is the Rouleaux formation of blood cells?

A

Stacks of red blood cells clumping together due to an increase in serum protein levels

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13
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells with a bullseye appearance, common with haemoglobin C disease, but also seen in liver disease and thalassaemia

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14
Q

What conditions are teardrop cells characteristic of?

A

Myelofibrosis or extramedullary haematopoiesis

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15
Q

What is myelofibrosis?

A

A rare form of bone disease whereby the soft tissues on the inside of bones are replaced by fibrous scar tissue

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16
Q

What is extramedullary haematopoesis?

A

Abnormal growth of blood forming cells outside the bone marrows, forming blood cells in other parts of the body

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17
Q

What do multipotential haematopoietic stem cells form?

A

Pluripotent stem cells

18
Q

What two types of cells to pluripotent stem cells produce?

A

Either lymphocytes or leukocytes

19
Q

Where are lymphocytes typically found?

A

In the lymphatic tissue

20
Q

Where are leukocytes typically found?

A

In the myeloid (bone marrow) tissue

21
Q

What is the name of the cell formed from a pluripotent stem cell differentiating into a leukocyte?

A

A myeloid progenitor cell

22
Q

What are 6 types of cells formed by myeloid progenitor cells?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Monocytes/macrophages
  5. Platelets
  6. Red blood cells
23
Q

What is the name of the cell formed from a pluripotent stem cell differentiating into a lymphocyte?

A

A lymphoid progenitor cell

24
Q

What are 3 types of cells produced by lymphoid progenitor cells?

A
  1. Natural killer (NK) cells
  2. T lymphocytes
  3. B lymphocytes
25
Q

What is the precursor to platelets in the bone marrow?

A

Megakaryocytes

26
Q

What are the 4 types of cells which can be produced from myeloblasts?

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Monocytes
27
Q

Which of the white blood cells have the lifespan?

A

Neutrophils

28
Q

Why do we tend to worry about neutropaenia in particular after patients receive chemotherapy?

A

As they have the shortest life of all white blood cells

29
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

30
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

31
Q

What are the two types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
32
Q

What is the duration of development of red blood cells?

A

5 to 7 days

33
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

100 to 120 days

34
Q

What is the duration of development of neutrophils?

A

6 to 9 days

35
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

6 hours to a few days

36
Q

What is the duration of development of eosinophils?

A

6 to 9 days

37
Q

What is the lifespan of eosiniophils?

A

8 to 12 days

38
Q

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

A

Hours to years

39
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

5 to 10 days

40
Q
A

Residency Exam (22 decks)

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