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🧬 > 2.1.1 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.1.1 - Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Light microscopes

A

Staining:
- Allows the specimen to become visible eg to see certain (named) organelles; improves contrast
- Some stains bind to specific cell structures (Eosin stains cytoplasm pink)

Sectioning:
- Thin sections to allow light to pass through (may cause artefacts)

Magnification: up to x1500
Resolution: 50-200 Nm

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2
Q

Why are light microscopes used?

A

To look at whole cell and tissues

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3
Q

TE Microscopes

A
  • Pass beam of electrons through specimen
  • Specimen must be thin to prevent deflection of electrons
  • Following treatment with heavy metal solution as some areas appear dark as the electrons cannot pass through

Magnification: up to x500,000
Resolution: 0.05-1 Nm

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4
Q

Why are TEM microscopes used?

A

To view organelle detail

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5
Q

Why do TEM images appear different?

A

The organelle can be cut along different planes/angles

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6
Q

Why are SEM microscopes used?

A

To look at cell surface

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7
Q

SE Microscope

A
  • The beam of electron scans the surface of the specimen
  • The reflected beam is detected
  • The detector and the source are on the same side of the specimen

Magnification: up to x100,000
Resolution: 0.20Nm

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8
Q

Laser scanning confocal microscope

A
  • Specimen is treated with fluorescent dye
  • Very thin specimens required
  • Very high resolution
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9
Q

Why are laser scanning confocal microscopes used?

A

To look at an object at a certain depth within the cell

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10
Q

Definition of magnification

A

The number of times larger the image is in comparison to the object

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11
Q

Definition of resolution

A

Ability to distinguish between very small structures that are close together in detail

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12
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Controls cells activities

Contains the nucleolus:
- Contains dense DNA

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13
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)

A
  • Continuation of the nuclear envelope
  • Flattened membrane bound sacs (Cisternae)
  • Studded with ribosomes

Protein synthesis occurs here

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14
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)

A
  • Continuation of the nuclear envelope
  • Flattened membrane bound sacs (Cisternae)

Lipid and hormone production occurs here

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • A stack of membrane bound flattened sacs
  • Modifies; and packages; proteins into vesicles eg adding a carbohydrate to form a glycoproteins
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16
Q

Ribosome

A
  • Tiny organelle, some are in the cytoplasm while some are bound to the rough ER
    -Site of protein synthesis where mRNA assembles proteins from amino acids
17
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • 2 membranes separated by a fluid filled space. The membrane is highly folded into cristae. The central part is called the matrix.
  • ATP is formed here during aerobic respiration
18
Q

Lysosome

A
  • Spherical sacs surrounded by a membrane
  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes used to break down materials
19
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • 2 membranes separated by fluid filled space. The inner membrane is continuous with a network of flattened disks (thylakoid) where chlorophyll is found. A stack is called a granum (pl. grana)
  • site of photosynthesis
20
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • Made of a phospholipid bilayer
  • controls what enters and exits the cell
21
Q

Centrioles

A
  • Small tubes of protein fibres
  • ** Take part in mitosis to form spindle fibres**
22
Q

Cell wall

A
  • Provides high tensile strength, is insoluble & inert

Plant: cellulose
Bacteria: peptidoglycan

23
Q

Flagella

A
  • Allows for whole cell movement
  • Powered by chemiosmosis
  • Has a 9+2 arrangement inside
24
Q

Cilia

A
  • Finger like appendages on ciliated epithelial cells that move substances eg mucus in the trachea
25
Q

Vacuole

A
  • Mmebrane bound organelle with a membrane (tonoplast) surronding it
  • Filled with water and enzymes
  • Alters cell shape by becoming turgid or flaccid
26
Q

Vesicles

A
  • Membrane bound organelle used to transport substances around, or in and out the cell
27
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments
28
Q

The cytoskeleton is important in…

A
  • Whole cell support
  • Movement of cilia and flagella
  • Changing cell shape
  • Moving organelles eg vesicles
  • Movement of chromosomes

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