Newborns & Brain Development Flashcards

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1
Q

How newborns spend their time

A
  1. 16 hrs a day sleeping:
    - Quiet or Active Sleep
  2. Other states rest of time
    - Crying
    - Active Awake
    - Alert Awake
    - Drowsiness
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2
Q

Sleep in Newborns

A
  1. More time in REM sleep
  2. Important for:
    - brain & physical development
    - visual & motor development
    - learning
  3. Consolidates long-term memories
    - frequent in newborns
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3
Q

Sudden Unexpected Infant Death

A

Death in infants under 1 year old during sleep
- decrease in deaths during 1990s because of Back to Sleep Campaign
- steady since

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4
Q

Triple Risk Model for Sudden Unexpected Infant Death

A
  1. Vulnerability
    - ex: Lung Development
  2. Developmental Period
  3. Trigger
    - ex: unsafe sleep environment
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5
Q

Bed-sharing Debate

A

American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines
- infants age < 1 yr share a room, not a bed
Guidelines in New Zealand
- safer bed-sharing
- physiological response
- more research needed

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6
Q

Higher Risk Bed-sharing

A
  • Infants < 4 months
  • Premature or low-birth weight
  • Parent smokes, drinks, or uses drugs
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7
Q

Principles of Brain Development

A
  1. Connections matter
  2. Less can be more
  3. Genes and experience have roles
  4. There are sensitive periods
  5. It takes a while
  6. It happens hierarchically
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8
Q

Connections Matter

A
  1. Connections form through branching of axons & dendrites in first 2 yrs
  2. Synaptogenesis
    - formation of synapses
    - flexibility for learning
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9
Q

Less can be More

A
  1. Pruning synapses
    - Efficiency & Customization
    - Unused removed, Used strengthened
    - Perceptual development
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10
Q

Genes and Experience have Roles

A
  1. Genes -> exuberant synaptogenesis
  2. Experience -> pruning, strengthening, creating connections
  3. Experience-expectant & Experience-dependent plasticity
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11
Q

Sensitive Periods

A
  1. Periods brain is especially receptive to particular inputs needed for typical development (experience-expectant plasticity)
    - Ex: Cataracts in infants
    - If past 1st yr, visual system develops differently
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12
Q

Takes a While

A
  1. Myelination of axons takes time and needs to occur
    - happens in some areas earlier than other
    - insulates for speed in action potentials
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13
Q

Happens Hierarchically

A
  1. Essential for life first
    - Synaptogenesis and myelination in sensorimotor cortex before prefrontal
  2. Later inhibits earlier
    - Motor reflexes in infant first, then areas of brain for voluntary reflexes later
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14
Q

Experience-expectant Plasticity

A

Genes expect to receive particular environmental input to develop normally
- Ex: visual system needs to see to develop normally

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15
Q

Experience-dependent Plasticity

A

Genes do not expect environmental input
- Ex: learning to ride a bike

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