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Clinical Psych > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

general aims for theories about mental disorders

A
  • explain etiology (cause/origin) of behaviour
  • identify factors that maintain behaviour
  • predict course of disorder
  • design effective treatments
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2
Q

primary proposed causes of mental disorders

A
  • biological
  • psychodynamic (freud)
  • behavioural/cognitive-behavioural
  • cognitive (dysfunctional thoughts/beliefs)
  • socio-cultural influences
  • humanistic/existential (interpersonal process)
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3
Q

when you only attribute the cause to one thing

A

reductionism

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4
Q

RDoC

A
  • research domain criteria
  • integrates info to understand mental illness
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5
Q

glial

A
  • non neuronal cells
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6
Q

how many neurons does the human brain have

A

86 billion approx.

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7
Q

the ____ directs functioning of the autonomic nervous system and it controls _______

A

hindbrain, (digestion, breathing, and cardiovascular function)

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8
Q

The ______ is the centre of the reticular activating system and controls arousal levels

A
  • midbrain (aka sleep-wake centre)
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9
Q

What does the forebrain control

A
  • speech
  • perception
  • memory
  • learning
  • planning
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10
Q

recent theories about brain causes of psychopathology result more from _______ than to actual neural damage

A

neurotransmitters

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • chemical substances that carry messages from one neuron to another
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12
Q

t or f: nerve cells in the brain are connected

A

false

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13
Q

major neurotransmitters in research

A
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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14
Q

how can psychopathology result from neurotransmitter systems?

A
  • too much/too little neurotransmitters released into synapses
  • too many/too few receptors on dendrites
  • excess/deficit in amount of transmitter-deactivating substance in synapses
  • too slow/fast re uptake process
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15
Q

brain plasticity

A
  • capacity of the brain to reorganize its circuitry
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16
Q

what are the parts that make up the peripheral nervous system

A
  • autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  • somatic nervous system (controls muscles)
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17
Q

rest and digest is the ______ nervous system and fight or flight is the _______ nervous system

A

parasympathetic, sympathetic

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18
Q

HPA

A
  • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
  • activated in response to stressors
  • communication between hypothalamus, pituitary glad, and adrenal cortex
  • releases cortisol into bloodstream
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19
Q

concordant people

A
  • when one person has a mental illness and the other is monitored and also shows the same illness
20
Q

genetic linkage studies

A
  • when illness is very present in families, researchers look for common genes that may be contributors
21
Q

psychodynamic theories

A
  • claim unconscious forces control behaviour
22
Q

according to freud, what are the four features that together determine behaviour and thinking

A
  • levels of consciousness
  • structures of personality
  • stages of psychosexual development
  • defence mechanisms
23
Q

levels of consciousness

A
  • conscious (aware)
  • preconscious (not in awareness but can readily be brought into awareness)
  • unconscious (majority of memories/drives, difficult to raise to awareness)
24
Q

structures of personality

A
  • Id: instinctual drives, pleasure principal, no concern for consequences, instant gratification
  • Ego: curbs the id, avoid pain/discomfort, no right or wrong, maximize unpunished pleasure, reality principal
  • Superego: moral standards, moral principal, monitors the ego
25
Q

psychosexual stages

A
  • oral (birth-18 months)
  • anal (18 months-3y/o)
  • phallic (3-6y/o)
  • latency (6-12y/o)
  • genital (adolescence-death)
26
Q

Defence mechanisms

A
  • repression
  • regression
  • projection
  • intellectualization
  • denial
  • displacement
  • reaction formation
  • sublimation
27
Q

oedipal/electra complex

A
  • occurs in phallic stage
  • boys in love with their mom and jealous of their dad
  • girls in love with their dad and jealous of their mom
28
Q

castration anxiety

A
  • fear boys have that their dad will mutilate their genitals to prevent them from involvement with their mom
29
Q

early maladaptive schemas

A
  • disconnection and rejection
  • impaired autonomy and performance
  • impaired limits
  • excessive responsibility and standards
  • unclassified schemas
30
Q

social learning theory

A
  • emphasizes role social context plays in learning
  • learning occurs through observation of others not personal experience
  • information from books, movies, tv included
31
Q

CBT

A
  • cognitive behavioural therapy
  • challenges thoughts and behaviours
  • thinking and behaviour are learned and can be changed
32
Q

REBT

A
  • Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
  • emphasizes irrational beliefs leading to negative emotions/behaviours
  • ABC model to explain life event, beliefs, and consequences
  • irrational beliefs contributing to emotional disturbance
33
Q

ABC model

A
  • Activating event
  • Beliefs
  • Consequences
34
Q

Beck’s cognitive model

A
  • emotions and behaviour are influences by cog appraisals of events
  • three main levels of cognition: schemas, info processing, and automatic thoughts
  • EMS originate from aversive childhood experiences influencing thought, feelings and relationships
35
Q

EMS

A
  • early maladaptive schemas
36
Q

Four major forms of mindfulness based interventions

A
  • MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction)
  • MBCT (Mindfulness based cognitive therapy)
  • DBT (Dialectical behaviour therapy)
  • ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy)
37
Q

Who thought of the person centred theory of personality and what did it entail

A
  • Carl Rogers
  • self-fulfillment is achieved self acceptance, honesty, and trust
  • distressing life events distort people’s perception of experience
38
Q

Who believed that people are good and behave dysfunctionally as a result of experience that diverts from path of self actualization

A

Maslow

39
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs bottom to top

A
  • psychological needs
  • safety needs
  • belongingness needs
  • esteem needs
  • self-actualization need
40
Q

self-stigma vs public stigma

A
  • public: society’s perception that seeking treatment is undesirable/unacceptable
  • self: reduction of individual’s self esteem due to self labeling as unacceptable
41
Q

system’s theory

A
  • whole is more than sum of its parts
  • causation=combined effect of many factors
  • same end result can come from many possible causes
42
Q

t or f: Maslow believed that the individual is responsible for their dysfunction and it is in their control

A

true

43
Q
A
44
Q

Diathesis stress perspective

A
  • mental disorders are cause by a predisposition to developing a disorder interacting with experiences of stress
  • may be bio or psychological
45
Q

biopsychosocial model

A
  • disorders result from interaction of bio, psychological, and social factors
  • reciprocal relationship

Clinical Psych (16 decks)

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