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PSYC 1104 > chapter 11- motivation and emotion > Flashcards

chapter 11- motivation and emotion Flashcards

1
Q

define motivation

A

an internal state of condition that directs a behaviour, often towards a goal

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2
Q

what is the instinct theory?

A

it states that motivation is due to inborn behaviour tendencies, which are activated by environmental stimuli. it states that behaviours originate from behavioural blueprints (survival driven)

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3
Q

what is the problem with the instinct theory?

A

it does not account for individual differences in behaviour

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4
Q

what is the drive reduction theory?

A

states that we are motivated to maintain homeostasis (balance) - why we drink water when we are thirsty, etc. (biologically driven)

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5
Q

what is the problem with drive reduction theory?

A

it does not explain voluntary or thrill seeking behaviours such as rollercoasters or skydiving

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6
Q

what is the arousal theory?

A

it states that motivation comes from the need to achieve an appropriate level of arousal

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7
Q

what is the yerkes - dodson law?

A

states that we achieve peak performance when arousal levels are appropriate for the specific task (high difficulty = low arousal, low difficulty = high arousal)

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8
Q

what is incentive theory?

A

suggests that people are motivated by a drive for incentives or reinforcement

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9
Q

what is an incentive?

A

external motives that indirectly indicate a reward

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10
Q

define intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

A

intrinsic: doing something because you want to and you enjoy it
extrinsic: doing something because you want a reward

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11
Q

what are primary vs secondary incentives?

A

primary incentive: rewards or punishments that are innate (food, sex) - something you don’t need to be taught to desire
secondary incentives: viewed as rewarding due to associations (money) - learned to desire

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12
Q

what is incentive salience?

A

describes how important a particular incentive is to us based on our personal experience

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13
Q

what are opiates?

A

chemicals that contribute to feelings of pleasure

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14
Q

what is the nucleus accumbens associated with in the brain?

A

feelings of rewards and pleasure

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15
Q

what two brain regions are highly affected by dopamine?

A

nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

what is the main concept of maslow’s hierarchy of needs? what are the 5 levels?

A

bottom up: physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
it outlines that humans need to have their most basic needs met before they are able to move on to other needs and desires

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17
Q

what two mechanisms drive the need for water?

A
  1. loss of volume of fluid (from sweating, bleeding, vomiting)
  2. loss of water inside cells (drive to maintain ion-water balance inside cells)
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18
Q

what in the bloodstream affects hunger levels?

A

glucose and lipids (less glucose = more eating, more glucose = less eating)

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19
Q

what is leptin?

A

protein produced by fat cells and are important for regulating food eaten over periods of time (more fat = more leptin = lower appetite )

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20
Q

what does the lateral hypothalamus do?

A

signals thirst and hunger

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21
Q

what does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?

A

it is important in signaling fullness (satiety), and influences insulin levels

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22
Q

what happens if the ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged?

A

excessive hunger and weight gain, as glucose is sent to fat instead of blood

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23
Q

what is the dual-center theory in terms of the LH and VMH?

A

the idea that stimulating one will inhibit the other, if LH is stimulated, the VMH is inhibited

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24
Q

what is a body weight set point?

A

the weight that people typically return to if dieting and exercise is stopped

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25
Q

what is the definition of obesity?

A

over weight characterized as having a BMI of over 30

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26
Q

what is a body mass index (BMI)?

A

an individuals weight to height ratio (isn’t good for seeing individual differences)

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27
Q

what is anorexia nervosa?

A

extreme under eating, includes a distorted body image of being “overweight” (person may use laxatives to reduce calorie intake) - shows EXCESSIVE control

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28
Q

what areas of the brain are altered in an individual with anorexia nervosa?

A

the circuit between the thalamus and frontal cortex is altered

29
Q

what is another disorder that is commonly seen with anorexia (comorbid)?

A

obsessive compulsive disorder

30
Q

what is bulimia nervosa?

A

binge eating, and then purging behaviours (forced vomiting) - shows a LACK of control

31
Q

is bulimia nervosa associated with being underweight?

A

no

32
Q

is bulimia or anorexia associated with shame and guilt?

A

bulimia is often associated with shame, secrecy and guilt
anorexia is often not something someone hides, they may even encourage others

33
Q

what is binge eating disorder?

A

out of control eating of an unusually large amount of food at one given time - comes with psychological distress, shows a LACK of control, shame and self-loathing

34
Q

what are brain regions impacted in an individual with binge eating disorder?

A

lower prefrontal cortex activity, less control over the basal ganglia and cortex (lack of inhibitory control)

35
Q

what were alfred kinseys discoveries about sexual practice?

A

that “unconventional” practices weren’t all that uncommon, and he helped lesson taboos about the topic

36
Q

what are the 4 phases that masters and johnson came up with?

A

excitement: raised heart rate, beginning of arousal
plateau: heavy breathing, raised pulse, tense muscles, flush on face and chest
orgasm: increased muscle tension, and blood pressure
resolution: body returns to normal, male refractory period

37
Q

what was the 5th phase added by kaplan?

A

the desire phase, stating that you need to “be in the mood” in order for excitement to occur

38
Q

what are the importance of androgens

A

they are important for sex drive (more so in men) - testosterone is an example of an androgen

39
Q

where are androgens released?

A

in the testes and adrenal glands

40
Q

what is the importance of estrogen?

A

important for physiological responses in women, as well as determining attractiveness (heightened at ovulation)

41
Q

what are mirror neurons?

A

the same reaction whether you are participating in an activity or observing it

42
Q

where is estrogen produced?

A

in the ovaries

43
Q

what is the possible hormonal cause for having a gay son?

A

the moms system can attack androgens in the fetus, making it more likely the son will be gay

44
Q

what is the possible brain anatomical cause for homosexuality?

A

the anterior hypothalamus in a gay man more closely resembles a straight woman (cause and effect?)

45
Q

what is a growth mindset?

A

the belief that with hard work and effort you can improve your skills in a specific area (it enhances motivation)

46
Q

what is a fixed mindset?

A

the belief that talent is innate and skills can’t be improved with hard work and effort (inhibits motivation)

47
Q

what is grit?

A

long term perseverance towards a goal

48
Q

what brain areas are associated with a growth mindset?

A

ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex

49
Q

what is affiliation?

A

the need to form attachments to others for support and guidance, and protection

50
Q

what are some downsides to affiliation motivation?

A

can cause people to remain in abusive relationships, or join gangs

51
Q

what is self determination?

A

instinctive feelings of competence and autonomy, gives a purpose to life

52
Q

what brain area is activated by both social exclusion and physical pain?

A

the frontal cortex

53
Q

what is delaying gratification?

A

inhibiting biological drives in order to obtain certain rewards (not present in children as it requires understanding of relative worth and further development of the prefrontal cortex)

54
Q

what is the definition of emotion?

A

intrapersonal state that occurs in response to an event

55
Q

what are the four components of emotion?

A

physiological: increased heart rate, arousal and body temp changes (INVOLUNTARY)
cognitive: interpretation of feelings and surrounding environment
behavioural: expression of emotion (non-verbal and verbal)
emotional behavioural: desire to take action to change or maintain your emotional state

56
Q

what are the six fundamental emotions?

A

anger, sadness, happiness, disgust, fear, and excitement

57
Q

what is secondary social sharing?

A

2/3 of the time, if you share an emotional experience with someone, they will share it with other people

58
Q

what is alexithymia?

A

difficulty identifying emotions

59
Q

what are the main three ways of measuring emotions?

A

behavioural displays, physiological reactions, self reports

60
Q

what system is responsible for fight or flight responses?

A

the autonomic nervous system, and more specifically the sympathetic ns (parasympathetic returns body back to normal)

61
Q

what is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system?

A

it regulates body functions and activity of glands, organs and muscles

62
Q

what are the cognitive, behavioural and social functions of emotions?

A

cognitive: helps organize memories, set priorities, make judgements, make decisions
behavioural: tend to act to maintain/prevent emotions
social: helps us determine who we like, helps maintain relationships and develop workplace competence

63
Q

what was the james-lange theory of emotion?

A

that emotions are a result of physiological changes

64
Q

what was the canon-bard theory of emotion?

A

that emotion and physiological changes occur at the same time

65
Q

what was the shacter-singer theory of emotion?

A

emotion is due to cognition and physiological factors - we label arousal as the given emotion (“im scared”)

66
Q

what is the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion?

A

interpretations of events are key to emotion

67
Q

what is the facial feedback theory of emotion?

A

that emotion is due to sensory feedback from facial movement/muscles

68
Q

what is the evolution theory of emotion?

A

that emotions evolved over time

69
Q
A

PSYC 1104 (7 decks)

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