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RTE 008: Radiologic Biology > Chapter 29:Human Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 29:Human Biology Flashcards

1
Q

It is their job to produce high quality x-ray images with minimal radiation exposure

A

radiologic technologists, radiologists, and medical physicists

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2
Q

This approach results in the greatest benefit with the lowest risk to patients and radiation workers

A

ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)

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3
Q

The effect of x-rays on humans is the result of interactions at the _______

A

atomic level

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4
Q

Removal of an orbital electron from an atom

A

Ionization

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5
Q

Addition of energy to a system achieved by raising the energy of electrons with the use of x-rays

A

Excitation

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6
Q

can produce molecular change (measurable if the molecule involved is critical)

A

Deposited energy

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7
Q

may in time function improperly or cease to function

A

Abnormal molecule

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8
Q

At nearly every stage in the sequence, is it possible to repair radiation damage and recover?

A

Yes

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9
Q

The radio-sensitive target material

A

DNA

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10
Q

Ionized atoms can attract what?

A

free electrons

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11
Q

Molecules can be mended by ______

A

enzymatic repair

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Cells and tissues can’t regenerate and recover from radiation injury

A

False

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13
Q

If the radiation response increases in severity with increasing dose, it is called _____\

A

deterministic effect

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14
Q

Radiation response occurs within minutes or days after exposure

A

Early effects of radiation (Deterministic effect)

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15
Q

– Radiation response is not observed for months or years incidence of the radiation

A

Late effects of radiation (Stochastic effect)

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16
Q

Response increases with increasing radiation dose

A

Late effects of radiation (Stochastic effect)

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17
Q

True or False: Most human responses have been observed to occur after exposure to rather large radiation doses

A

True

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18
Q

Is the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biologic tissue

A

Radiobiology

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19
Q

is a branch of science which combines the basic principles of physics and biology and is concerned with the action of ionizing radiation on biological tissues and living organisms

A

Radiobiology

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20
Q

• The study of basic radiobiological mechanisms deals with _____ effects produced by energy absorption in small volumes corresponding to single cells or parts of cells.

A

biological

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21
Q

The ultimate goal of radiobiologic research is to _____ so that radiation can be used more safely in diagnosis and more effectively in therapy.

A

accurately describe the effects of radiation on humans

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22
Q

At its most basic level, the human body is composed of ____

A

atoms

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23
Q

Radiation interacts at the _____

A

atomic level

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24
Q

– It determines the character & degree of the radiation interaction
that occurs

A

Atomic Composition

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25
Q

–Defines the nature of the radiation response.

A

Molecular and tissue composition

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26
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of hydrogen?

A

60%

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27
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of oxygen?

A

25.7%

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28
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of carbon?

A

10.7%

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29
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of nitrogen?

A

2.4%

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30
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of calcium?

A

0.2%

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31
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of phosphorus?

A

0.1%

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32
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of sulfur?

A

0.1%

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33
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of trace elements?

A

0.8%

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34
Q

First named the cell as the biologic building block

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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35
Q

Accurately described a living cell on the basis of his microscopic observations

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

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36
Q

Showed that cells are the basic functional units in all plants & animals

A

Schneider & Schwann (1838)

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37
Q

Described the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as genetic substance of the cell

A

Watson & Crick (1953)

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38
Q

A project that described the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as genetic substance of the cell

A

Human Genome Project (2000)

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39
Q

– Very large molecules that sometimes consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms
Examples:
– Proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates (sugars & starches) & nucleic acids

A

Macromolecules

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40
Q

Principal Organic Molecules:

A

Proteins, lipids & carbohydrates

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41
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of water?

A

80%

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42
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of protein molecules?

A

15%

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43
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of lipids?

A

2%

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44
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of carbohydrates?

A

1%

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45
Q

The body is composed of how many percent of nucleic acid?

A

1%

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46
Q

– Life-supporting & contains carbon

A

Organic Molecule

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47
Q

– The rarest molecule in the body
– Concentrated in the nucleus of a cell (DNA)
– The most critical & radiosensitive target molecule

A

Nucleic Acid

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48
Q

– The simplest & the most abundant molecular constituent
in the body

A

Water

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49
Q

Important Role:
▸Delivering energy to the target molecules (contribute
to radiation effects)

Composition: two atoms of Hydrogen & 1atom of Oxygen

Functions:
▸Provide some form & shape
▸Assist in maintaining body temperature ▸Enter into some biochemical reactions

A

Water

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50
Q

Water loss must be replaced to maintain what?

A

homeostasis

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51
Q

The breaking down into smaller units of macromolecules

A

Catabolism

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52
Q

The production of large molecules from small

A

Anabolism

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53
Q

– Long chain macromolecules that consist of a linear sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

A

Proteins

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54
Q

How many amino acids are used in protein synthesis

A

22

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55
Q

The metabolic production of proteins

A

Protein synthesis

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56
Q

Proteins are long- chain macromolecules that consist of a linear sequence
of amino acids connected by ______

A

peptide bonds

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57
Q

Functions:
– Provide structure & support (muscles) – Enzymes, hormones & antibodies

A

Proteins

58
Q

– Molecules that are necessary in small quantities to allow a biochemical reaction to continue, even though they do not directly enter into the reaction

A

Enzymes

59
Q

–Molecules that exercise regulatory control over
some body functions
–They are produced & secreted by endocrine glands
– Endocrine Glands: pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas & gonads

A

Hormones

60
Q

–A primary defense mechanism of the body
against infection & disease

A

Antibodies

61
Q

– Invasive & infectious agent

A

Antigen

62
Q

– Organic macromolecules composed solely of carbon, hydrogen,
& oxygen
– General Formula: CnHnOn
– Structural Configuration: represented by oleic acid molecules

A

Lipids

63
Q

Two Types of Molecules:

A
  1. Glycerol – 1 molecule
  2. Fatty acid – 3 molecules
64
Q

Functions:
– Thermal insulator from environment
– Fuel for the body by providing energy stores

A

Lipids

65
Q

– Similar to lipids but their structure is different
–First considered to be watered or hydrated carbons

A

Carbohydrates

66
Q

It is also called saccharides

A

Carbohydrates

67
Q

monosaccharides & disaccharides are what?

A

Sugars

68
Q

Chief Function:
– To provide fuel for cell metabolism
• Function:
– Provide shape & stability

A

Carbohydrates

69
Q

– A simple sugar
– The ultimate molecule that fuels the body – Chemical Formula: C6H1O6

A

Glucose

70
Q

– Ordinary table sugar
– Chemical Formula: C12H22O11

A

Sucrose

71
Q

– Plant starches & animal glycogen – Chemical Formula: (C6H10O5)n

A

Polysaccharides

72
Q

– A human polysaccharide
– It stored in tissues of the body
– It used only when quantities of the simple sugar (glucose) are inadequate

A

Glycogen

73
Q

– A very large and extremely complex
macromolecules

A

Nucleic Acids

74
Q

Two Principal Nucleic Acids:

A

DNA & RNA

75
Q

Function: growth & development of the cell (protein synthesis)

A

Nucleic Acids

76
Q

–The control center for life

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

77
Q

–It contains all the hereditary information that represents a cell or whole individual (germ cell)

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

78
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

Nucleus

79
Q

Function: it serves as the command or control molecule for cell function

A

DNA

80
Q

–Sugar Component of DNA

A

deoxyribose

81
Q

Base Component of DNA

A

thymine

82
Q

–Configuration of DNA

A

doble-helix

83
Q

– Attached to each deoxyribose molecule

A

Nitrogenous Organic Bases

84
Q

Nitrogenous Organic Bases

A

adenine & guanine
thymine & cytosine

85
Q

Purines

A

adenine & guanine

86
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine & cytosine

87
Q

Sequence of Base Bonding in DNA:

A

Adenines bonded to thymines
Cytosines bonded to guanines

88
Q

True or False: Only adenine-thymine & cytosine-guanine base bonding is possible in DNA!

A

True

89
Q

The base sugar-phosphate combination is called a ____

A

nucleotide

90
Q

Are strung together in one long-chain macromolecules

A

nucleotides

91
Q

Two Major Structures of a Human Cell

A

Nucleus & Cytoplasm

92
Q

– The center of the cell
– Principal Molecular Components:
– DNA – the genetic material of the cell

A

Nucleus

93
Q

Other Molecular Components of The Nucleus

A

Some RNA, protein, & water

94
Q

–A rounded structure that is attached to the nuclear membrane
– It contained most of the RNA

A

Nucleolus

95
Q

– A double-walled structure that at some locations is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Nuclear Membrane

96
Q

– The bulk of the cell
– It contains great quantities of all molecular components except DNA

A

Cytoplasm

97
Q

– A channel or series or channels that allows the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

98
Q

-The engine of the cell
-The large bean-shaped structures

A

Mitochondria

99
Q

– Scattered throughout the cytoplasm or the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

100
Q

-The small, dot-like structures
-The site of protein syntheis
-Essential to normal cellular functions

A

Ribosomes

101
Q

–The small, pea-like sacs

A

Lysosomes

102
Q

– They contains enzymes capable of digesting cellular fragments & sometimes the cell itself

A

Lysosomes

103
Q

They help to control intracellular contaminants

A

Lysosomes

104
Q

– Required to produce a measurable change in any physical characteristic of the molecule

A

1 Mrad (10 kGyt)

105
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cellular Membranes provide structure and form for the cell and its components

A

True

106
Q

A series of three base pairs, called a ____, identifies one of the 22 human amino acids available for protein synthesis.

A

codon

107
Q

•A good example of a critical cellular function necessary for survival.

A

Protein Synthesis

108
Q

•A series of three base pairs, called a _____, identifies one of the 22 human amino acids available for protein synthesis.
• This genetic message is ____ within the nucleus to a molecule of mRNA. mRNA leaves the nucleus by way of the _____ and makes its way to a ____, where the genetic message is transferred to yet another RNA molecule (tRNA). tRNA searches the ____ for the amino acids for which it is coded.
• It attaches to the amino acid and carries it to the ribosome, where it is joined with other amino acids in sequence by _____ to form the required protein molecule.

A

codon, transferred, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, cytoplasm, peptide bonds

109
Q

– Is the act of a single cell or group of cells to reproduce and multiply in number

A

Cell proliferation

110
Q

• Two General Types of Cells in the Human Body

A

Genetic/Germ Cells
Somatic Cells

111
Q

– Oogonium (female) & spermatogonium (male) – They undergo meiosis

A

Genetic/Germ Cells

112
Q

– All cells in the body except oogonium & spermatogonium
– They undergo mitosis

A

Somatic Cells

113
Q

–Consider only two phases of the cell cycle, mitosis (M) and interphase.

A

Geneticists

114
Q

– Identify four phases of the cell cycle: M, G1, S, and G2.

A

Cell biologists

115
Q

– Is the pre-DNA synthesis phase.
– The gap in cell growth between M & S

A

G1

116
Q

– The DNA-synthesis phase
– DNA: replicated into two identical daughter DNA molecules
– Chromosome: replicate form a two chromatid structure to a four- chromatid structure

A

• S Phase

117
Q

– The post-DNA synthesis gap of the cell growth.

A

G2 Phase

118
Q

Process of somatic cell division wherein a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell

A

Mitosis

119
Q

Four Subphases of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
120
Q

•The portion of the cell between mitotic events
• The period of growth of the cell between divisions.

A

Interphase

121
Q

•The nucleus swells
• DNA:
– Becomes more prominent
– Begins to take structural form

A

Prophase

122
Q

• Chromosomes: appear & lined up along the equator of the nucleus

A

METAPHASE

123
Q

•Mitosis can be stopped
• Chromosomes can be studied carefully under the microscope.

A

Metaphase

124
Q

Radiation-induced chromosome damage is analyzed during ____

A

metaphase

125
Q

• Chromosomes:
– Each splits at the centromere
– New chromosome migrates toward the spindle
• Centromere & chromatids are connected by a fiber to the poles of a nucleus
• Spindles: the poles
• Spindle Fibers: the fibers
• The number of chromatid per centromere is reduced by half

A

ANAPHASE

126
Q

• The final segment of mitosis
• Characterized by the disappearance of
structural chromosomes into a mass of DNA
• The closing off of the nuclear membrane like a dumbbell into two nuclei
• Cytoplasm is divided into two equal parts

A

TELOPHASE

127
Q

The process whereby genetic cells undergo reduction division.

A

Meiosis

128
Q

results in changes in genetic constitution and changes in inheritable traits

A

Crossing over

129
Q

Collections of cells of similar structure and function form ____.

A

tissues

130
Q

– Collection of tissues of similar
structure & function

A

Organs

131
Q

–Combination of tissues & organs that forms an overall integrated organization

A

Organ System

132
Q

Principal Organ Systems:

A

Nervous, Reproductive, Digestive, Respiratory & Endocrine

133
Q

are called undifferentiated cells, precursor cells, or stem cells.

A

Immature cells

134
Q

True or False: Stem Cells are not as sensitive as mature cells to radiation

A

False

135
Q

– The covering tissue
– It lines all the exposed surfaces of the body, both exterior & interior
– It covers the skin, the blood vessels, the abdominal, chest cavities & GI tract

A

Epithelium

136
Q

– It binds tissue & organs together
– Composition:
▸High in protein
▸ Fibers
– Characteristic: highly elastic
– Examples: bone ligaments & cartilage

A

Connective & Supporting Tissue

137
Q

– A special type of tissue that can contract – Composition: high in protein content

A

Muscle Tissue

138
Q

– The avenue by which electrical impulses are transmitted throughout the body for control & response
– Composed of specialized cells neurons

A

Nervous Tissue

139
Q

–Part of an organ that contains tissues representative of that
particular organ

A

Parenchymal

140
Q

–Part of an organ that is composed of connective tissue &
vasculature
– Function: provides structure to the organ

A

Stromal

RTE 008: Radiologic Biology (5 decks)

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