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Histology Exam 3 > Exam 3 Immunology > Flashcards

Exam 3 Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Basic function of immune system

A

recognition and removal of non-self material

resist tissue damage due to infectious organisms

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2
Q

Innate immunity

A

general processes that destroy foreign materials

phagocytosis, gastric enzymes, skin barrier, immune paint

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3
Q

acquire immunity (specific immunity)

A

Exposure to a foreign agent and activation of lymphocytes (t-cells) and antibody production (B-cells)

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4
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T-lymphocytes - directly does something to the microbes

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5
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes (creates antibodies that tag microbes for something else to destroy)

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6
Q

T and B cells live in

A

lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, lymphoid patches in GI tracts, skin and circulatory system)

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7
Q

T and B cells “recognize” and are activated by

A

antigens on foreign/infectious agents

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8
Q

antigens

A

protein or polysaccharide molecules on the plasmalemma of normal cells and infectious agents

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9
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)

A

type of cytotoxic lymphocyte (characteristics similar to CTLs)

recognize damaged and infected cells (also believed to be responsible for identifying and killing tumors -cancer cells)

have membrane receptors that allow modulation of their activity; can stimulate or inhibit function through the action of these receptors

thought to evolve from t-cells as cells capable of directly affecting damaged self-cells

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10
Q

Main phagocytic cell of the immune system

A

macrophages

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11
Q

most invading organisms are first

A

phagocytized and partially digested by macrophages and dendritic cells

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12
Q

The antigenic products are

A

put on the macrophage cell membrane and presented to lymphocytes

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13
Q

Antigen presentation leads to

A

lymphocyte activation:

  • B-cells make antibodies directed against antigen
  • T-cells are activated to recognize antigen/microbe
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14
Q

Professional antigen presenting cells

A 
maintain both Major histocompatibility complex class I and II
(macrophages, dendritic cells - lymph node cells, and B-lymphocytes)
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15
Q

Non-professional APCs

A 
typically only have MHC class I
(endothelial cells -vessels, fibroblasts -CTs, Glial cells -CNS, Thymus cells - immune system organ, thyroid cells - endocrine organ)
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16
Q

Millions of differently exposed T and C lymphocytes are stored in the

A

lymph tissue

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17
Q

Each B cell forms

A

only one type of antibody

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18
Q

Each T cell is activated by

A

one single antigen and is responsive only to that antigen

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19
Q

One the lymphocyte is activated by its antigen

A

it is stimulated to proliferate and become active

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20
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

Complex of proteins utilized by antigen presenting cells

Consist of several smaller proteins (human leukocyte antigen; HLAs) polymerized together into one MHC

Exist as two separate classes MHC class I and MHC class II

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21
Q

MHC I and MHC II are located

A

on different cells and provide different ways of stimulating immune responses

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22
Q

what is responsible for the variation in MHCs

A

different HLAs

Specific Alpha and beta chains comprise the HLAs

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23
Q

MCH I

A

Occur on nearly all cells and professional APCs

Present antigenic proteins to lymphocytes (phagocytosis of extracellular microbes, bacteria/viruses, and cellular debris, self proteins, are presented as antigens

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24
Q

MCH I presentation stimulates

A

activity of CTLs (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes)

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25
Q

Activates CTLs

A

produce and release perforin and degradative enzymes

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26
Q

Perforin

A

puts membrane channels into infected cells (virus)

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27
Q

Degradative enzymes

A

proteases - enter cell and stimulate cell lysis/apoptosis (bacteria)

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28
Q

MHC II

A

present on professional APCs only,
some non-professional APCs can express these MHCs

Antigen presentation stimulates activity of T-helper cells (CD4+)

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29
Q

Th1 Cells

A

assist action of cytotoxic cells through the release of stimulatory cytokines

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30
Q

Th2 cells

A

assist B-cell production of antiboies

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31
Q

Tfh cells

A

assist b-cell differentiation into plasma cells and antibody production

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32
Q

T-regulator cells

A

assist in controlling immune response by reducing activity of CTLs and B-Cells

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33
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells (CTLs)

A

Directly kill antigen or non-self cell by protein channel insertion

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34
Q

Helper T-Cells

A

Stimulate activity of Killer T-cells and plasma cells

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35
Q

Suppressor T-cells (t-regulatory cells)

A

reduce activity of T or B cells i.e. limit immune response

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36
Q

Memory T Cells

A

activated during initial exposure to antigens, can activate quickly with re-exposure to same antigen

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37
Q

Lymphokine-producing T-cell

A

produce lymphokines enhance activity or T, B cells, and Macrophages

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38
Q

Once antigen is presented, Immature T-cells..

A

become active to proliferate and differentiate into: memory T-cells (reservoir of sensitized T-cells for quick response to re-exposure to antigen), Cytotoxic T cells (active T-Cells that immediately and directly destroy foreign microbes and damaged cells), Helper T-Cells (assist cytotoxic t-cell activity, phagocytosis and Ab production)

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39
Q

How cytotoxic t-cells work

A

T-lymphocyte recognizes antigen

t-lymphocyte inserts protein channel into invading cell

sodium and then water influxes and causes lysis of the microbe

T-cell can also bind and stimulate apoptosis (regulated cell death) -virally infected cell

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40
Q

How memory T-cells work

A

Normal t-cells are activated by an antigen

some of the activated t-cells become t-memory cells and are “dormant”

dormant cells until another antigenic exposure occurs

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41
Q

T memory cells are spread

A

throughout the lymphoid tissues of the entire body

42
Q

upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen,

A

activated memory t-cells are presented to fight the new infection

43
Q

most numerous t-cell (75%)

A

helper T-cells (Th1, Th2, Tfh lymphocytes)

44
Q

How helper T-cells work

A

stimulate growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells and suppressor T-cells

Stimulate B-cell growth and differentiation and production of antibodies

Stimulate activity of the macrophage system (phagocytosis and antigen presentation)

45
Q

How regulator T-cells (suppressor T-cells) work

A

suppress the function of both the cytotoxic and helper t-cells

prevent cytotoxic cells from causing excessive immune reactions that might damage the body’s own tissues (limit immune response to prevent auto-immune reactions to self-antigens)

46
Q

Primary Humoral Immune Response: B-cells

Once presented with antigen

A

B-cells are stimulated to proliferate and become plasma cells (Th2 and Tfh lymphocytes assist in these processes)

47
Q

Primary Humoral Immune Response: B-cells

Plasma cells produce…

A

antibodies directed against the antigen presented (also produce antibodies associated with allergic response IgE)

48
Q

In Primary Humoral Immune Response: B-cells, antibodies circulate

A

in the blood and move to tissues to recognize their antigen of interest (also bound to some APCs to allow them to recognize antigen)

49
Q

in Primary Humoral Immune Response: antibodies bind

A

a specific antigen; this binding stimulates killing of the micro-organism (by phagocytic cells)

50
Q

Structure of antibodies

A

each antibody is specific for a particular antigen

allows for tight binding of antibody to the antigen

51
Q

During the secondary humoral immune response, a few B-lymphocyte clones…

A

do not go on to form plasma cells, but instead form “memory B cells”

52
Q

Memory B-cells

A

circulate through the body to populate all the lymphoid tissues

they remain dormant until activated by a new quantity of antigen (2nd exposure to the same antigen causes a much more rapid and potent antibody response = secondary response)

53
Q

first or second exposure to antigen results in

A

primary response: requires approximately 1-2 weeks to completely respond with full antibody production (IgM, then IgG) –likely to become sick/react to antigen before body has enough time to build up enough antibodies to fight it off

Secondary response: (response to second exposure) begins rapidly and is more potent, full antibody production occurs in 1-2 days (IgG) - memory B-cells; antibodies are formed for many months and confer long-lasting immunity

54
Q

IgG in primary immune response

A

IgG formed 2nd in primary immune response

55
Q

IgG in secondary immune response

A

IgG formed 1st in secondary immune response

56
Q

IgG are ____ antibodies

A

circulating (in blood)

57
Q

75% of all antibodies

A

IgG

58
Q

Antibodies directed against allergens

A

IgE

59
Q

Antibodies “placed” on basophils and mast cells

A

IgE

60
Q

Binding of allergen to IgE stimulates

A

release of secretory granules that initiate an allergy response

61
Q

IgM

A

formed 1st during primary response; are short-lived in the system (days) and are replaced by IgG

62
Q

IgA

A

Found in bodily secretions (tears, saliva); prevalent in respiratory tract and known as immune paint

generate immune response to pathogens that enter external orifices (i.e. immune paint of the respiratory tract)

63
Q

IgD (0.2% of all antibodies)

A

Assist in B-cell differentiation into plasma cells

64
Q

Antibodies (humoral immunity) have 3 mechanisms to destroy infectious agents

A
  1. direct cellular attack on the invader (similar to T-cells)
  2. Activation of the “complement system” of plasma proteins that stimulate phagocytosis
  3. Antibody bound to antigen signal phagocyte to engulf microbe = opsinization
65
Q

Agglutination - opsinization

A

multiple large particles such as bacteria are bound together into a clump by antibodies

66
Q

Antibodies mechanism of direct attach

A

agglutination - opsinization
precipitation
neutralization
lysis

67
Q

Precipitation

A

molecular complex of antigens and antibodies becomes so large that it is rendered insoluble and precipitates

68
Q

Neutralization

A

antibodies cover the toxic sites of the antigenic agent

69
Q

Lysis

A

antibodies directly attack the cell membrane of the invading organism and cause the membrane to rupture

70
Q

The complement system

A

a group of 20 proteins that circulate in the plasma

complement proteins exist as inactive enzymes

antibo

71
Q

Antibody-antigen complex causes

A

a cascade of sequential reactions that activate the complement enzymes

72
Q

complement activation results in

A

an “amplified” reaction directed against infectious agents

73
Q

Complement proteins stimulate

A

protein channel insertion into the cell membrane of microbes resulting in lysis

Also stimulate an amplification of the immune system
(recruitment of WBCs to the area - macrophages, lymphocytes, granulocytes)
(and stimulation of basophil, neutrophil, and eosinophil release of granules that increase inflammation)

74
Q

Lymphoid tissue are sites for

A

sites for B and T cells and macrophages

75
Q

Lymphoid tissues are spread throughout the whole body to

A

allow easy circulation of immune cells and as areas to complete immune elimination of infection agents/cancer cells

76
Q

Lymph nodes locations

A

spread throughout the body

77
Q

Spleen location

A

Located near the L colic flexure

78
Q

Examples of lymphoid tissue

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer’s patches, lymphoid nodules

79
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

in the superior mediastinum

80
Q

Lymph nodes of the throat

A

tonsils

81
Q

Peyer’s patches location

A

lymphoid patches within the walls of the GI tract

82
Q

Lymphoid nodules location

A

lymphoid patches within the dermis

83
Q

Afferent lymphatic (lymph nodes)

A

drains interstitial fluid and phagocytic cells from body (tissue fluid)

84
Q

Efferent lymphatic (lymph nodes)

A

returns filtered lymph to blood via venous system

85
Q

Primary nodule (lymph nodes)

A

contains T and B lymphocytes and macrophages

86
Q

Function of the spleen

A

monitors blood for microorganism

87
Q

Function of thymus

A

site of differentiation of T-cells from bone marrow

88
Q

Function of tonsils

A

guard against infection agents in the throat

89
Q

Function of peyer’s patches and lymphoid nodules

A

line the digestive tract (and skin) to neutralize micro-organisms in food or from the environment

90
Q

Immediate response allergy (i.e. hay fever, pollen)

A

IgE antibodies are bound to basophils/mast cells
Upon IgE binding to allergen, mast cell/basophils are stimulated to release granules
Rapid degranulation creates:
increased vascular permeability, vasodilation
increase glandular secretions (mucus, tears)

91
Q

delayed response allergy (i.e. poison ivy)

A

t-cells are “sensitized” to allergen and are stimulated to proliferate and become active (48-72 hours); once activated T-cells move into the tissue where the allergen is located

At the infection site, T-cells release cytotoxic substances that destroy allergens (good) but also cause tissue damage (bad)

92
Q

Cellular and humoral immune function response to aging

A

Decline with increasing age

93
Q

Antigen challenge results in ______ antibody response at 60-70 years old compared to 20-30 years old

A

50-80% LESS

94
Q

By 45-50 years of age thymus is

A

5-15% of maximal size

95
Q

by 60 years of age (thymus activity)

A

there is no significant thymus activity (minimal decline in circulating T-lymphocytes)

96
Q

How do you determine if it is okay to exercise when you are sick?

A

“Neck check” - if symptoms are above the neck
-try to perform exercise at 1/2 intensity for 10 minutes, if symptoms abate - continue, if not - stop.

If symptoms are below the neck - hold exercise

97
Q

Chronic exercise and immune function

A

Chronic exercise is directly responsible for improved immune function

98
Q

Chronic training increase

A

plasma volume, hematocrit, hemoglobin count, and WBC function

99
Q

Chronic exercise training is directly related to reduced risk of

A

certain cancers

100
Q

Overtraining has been related to

A

suppressed immune function

101
Q

Active immunity

A

exposure to attenuated or dead microbe that still have antigenic properties; stimulated production of antibodies and memory cells; process of normal immunizations

102
Q

Passive immunity

A

transfusion of antibodies or T-cells from human or animal that has been sensitized to an antigen; provides temporary immunity (2-3 weeks)

Histology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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