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anatomy > Practical 1 > Flashcards

Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of blood flow

A
  1. deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava
  2. blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
  3. blood exits the heart through the pulmonary valve and then to the pulmonary arteries into the pulmonary circulation
  4. oxygen-rich blood returns through the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium
  5. blood is pumped through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle
  6. blood exits the heart through the aortic valve and into the aorta into systemic circulation
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2
Q

why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

The left ventricle must pump blood throughout the entire body and the right only has to go to the lungs.

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3
Q

where is the sinus of Valsalva?

A

same region as the aortic valve, the depressions on the valve

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4
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium: outer wall joined with pericardium (same layer as visceral pericardium) made of simple squamous, areolar CT, and adipose tissue.

myocardium: contains cardiomyocytes and cardiac muscle that contracts

endocardium: lines heart chambers and vessels. made of simple squamous endothelial

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5
Q

Layers, structure, and function of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium: tough dense irregular tissue

parietal layer of serous pericardium: lays under fibrous layer

serous fluid: pericardial cavity that provides lubrication secreted by mesothelium

visceral layer of serous pericardium: tightly adhered to the heart

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6
Q

function of the pericardium (3)

A

protects and anchors the heart

prevents overfilling of blood

allows the heart to work in a friction-free environment.

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7
Q

Location of the heart (body cavity)

A

In the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum. Held in the pericardial sac.

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8
Q

what is ductus arteriosus?

A

A structure only in the fetus. Becomes Ligamentum arteriosum in the newborn. Shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the ascending aorta to bypass pulmonary circulation.

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9
Q

what is foramen ovale?

A

A structure ONLY in the fetus. Becomes Fossa Ovalis in the newborn. Shunts blood from the right atrium to the left to bypass pulmonary circulation.

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10
Q

what is the umbilical vein?

A

A structure only found in the fetus. Becomes Round Ligament of Liver in the newborn. It connects the placenta to the liver and forms a major portion of the umbilical cord.

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11
Q

what is ductus venosus?

A

A structure only in the fetus. Becomes Ligamentum Venosum in the newborn. Shunts oxygenated blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava.

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12
Q

what are the umbilical arteries?

A

A structure only in the fetus. Becomes Lateral Umbilical Ligaments in the newborn. Rise from the internal iliac arteries and travel in the umbilical cord.

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13
Q

layers of blood vessels

A

tunica intima- innermost layer made of simple squamous

tunica media- middle layer made of elastic fibers and smooth muscle

tunica externa/adventitia- outer layer made of collagen and CT

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14
Q

elastic arteries; describe (2)

EX? (6)

A
  • close to heart, lots of collagen and elastic in tunica media
  • tough and expandable
  • Aorta, pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac
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15
Q

muscular arteries; describe

EX? (3)

A
  • further from heart, less elastic in tunica media
  • two prominent elastic bands, internal/external elastic lamina
  • brachial, anterior tibial, inferior mesenteric
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16
Q

arterioles (2)

A
  • control blood flow into capillary beds
  • all 3 tunics but only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
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17
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

Within the capillary beds on the pulmonary alveoli.

18
Q

where does the vertebral artery travel

A

Goes from the subclavian artery to the circle of Willis and travels through the holes of the transverse foramina.

19
Q

what is the hepatic portal system?

A

Blood that picks up nutrients and toxins form the digestive tract must go through the liver before entering general circulation. The blood goes through TWO capillary beds before returning to the heart.

20
Q

steps of the hepatic portal system

A
  1. small intestine absorbs products of digestion
  2. nutrient molecules travel in hepatic portal vein to liver
  3. liver monitors blood content
  4. blood enters general circulation by way of hepatic veins and empty into inferior vena cava
21
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics (5)

A
  • mononucleated
  • striations
  • intercalated dics
  • branching structure
  • involuntary
22
Q

characteristics of arteries in general (3)

A
  • thicker walls, narrow lumen
  • constrict and dilate to manage blood flow
  • round shape
23
Q

characteristics of veins in general (3)

A
  • thinner walls, wide lumen, lack elastic tissue
  • store blood
  • weird shape
24
Q

venules do what?

arterioles do what?

A
  • bring blood out of the capillary beds
  • bring blood into the capillary beds
25
Q

describe a neutrophil (3)

A
  • Multi-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules
  • most common 60-70%
  • phagocytosis of bacteria
26
Q

lymphocytes (4)

A
  • second most common 20-50%
  • LARGE nucleus, little cytoplasm
  • B cells make antibodies
  • T cells attack virus/cancer infected cells
27
Q

monocytes (3)

A
  • 3rd most common, 2-10%
  • kidney bean shaped nucleus
  • turn to macrophages and do phagocytosis
28
Q

eosinophils (4)

A
  • rare, 1-6%
  • bilobed nucleus
  • RED granules due to eosin dye
  • combat allergies and multicellular parasitic infections
29
Q

basophils (4)

A
  • very rare, <1%
  • can’t see the nucleus
  • granules
  • allergies and infection
30
Q

all formed elements of blood are produced in ___ ____ ___ through the process of ___________

A

red bone marrow

hemopoiesis

31
Q

megakaryocytes (3)

A
  • reside in red bone marrow
  • extremely large
  • produce platelets
32
Q

sickle cell anemia (3)

A
  • deformity in RBC structural proteins
  • causes severe infections, attacks of severe pain, stroke, death
  • low O2 levels, prone to clotting
33
Q

Trypanosomiasis (3)

A
  • causes African sleeping sickness
  • parasitic infection spread by the bite of the tsetse fly
  • caused by protozoan parasites called trypanosomes
34
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis (4)

A
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn >Rh antibodies attached to fetal RBCs
  • Spiky RBC appearance
  • Mother is Rh- but the fetus is Rh+
  • RhoGAM is injected to prevent the mother from producing Rh antibodies
35
Q

Myocardial Infarction (3)

A
  • heart attack
  • death of cardiac muscle tissue due to reduced blood flow in coronary arteries
  • signs: increased neutrophils, varying color of fibers, dark bands that arent striations
36
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?
where is it stored/released from?
stimulated by?
what does it target?
function?

A
  • produced in the hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells
  • stored AND released from the posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis
    -stimulated by neurosecretory cells
  • targets uterine cells and mammary glands
  • social bonding, lactation, uterine contractions during childbirth
37
Q

Glucocorticoids
- gland of origin?
- stimulated by?
- target tissue
- function?
- example?

A
  • adrenal cortex > zona fasciculata
  • stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • targets hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal medulla
  • produce glucose, reduce inflammation, immune response, and glucose homeostasis.
  • cortisol/hydrocortisone
38
Q

Mineralocorticoids
- gland of origin?
- stimulated by?
- target tissue
- function?
- example?

A
  • adrenal cortex > zona glomerulosa
  • stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • kidney, colon, heart, brain
  • salt/water balance, blood pressure
  • aldosterone
39
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- gland of origin
- stimulated by
- target tissue
- function

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • stress; sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
  • targets anterior pituitary
  • increase the flow of blood to the brain and muscles and improve the fight or flight response to stress. Increase heart rate, and BP.
40
Q

somatostatin
- gland of origin
- secretory cells
- stimulated by
- target tissue
- function

A
  • endocrine pancreas
  • delta cells
  • high insulin levels
  • endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions, GI tract, and pituitary gland
  • inhibits the release of TSH, glucagon, insulin, GH, PRL
41
Q

Pancreatic digestive enzymes
- gland of origin
- secretory cells
- stimulated by
- targets
- function

A
  • exocrine pancreas
  • Acinar cells
  • neurotransmitters and peptide hormones
  • GI tract
  • aid in digestion

anatomy (17 decks)

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