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biology > 15.1 > Flashcards

15.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fertilization

A

fusing the sperm and egg to form a single cell

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2
Q

why do few sperm arrive in the oviduct

A
  • many die in to acidic environment on the vagina

- most go to the wrong oviduct that does not contain the ovum

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3
Q

is it the first sperm that fertilize the egg or no

A

no

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4
Q

the first mitosis cell division is called

A

cleavage division

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5
Q

a cell division without the enlargement of the cells is called

A

cleavage division

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6
Q

why does the cell after each cleavage division become smaller and smaller

A

because this cell division happens very quickly leaving the new cells no time to grow

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7
Q

embryonic period (2)

A
  • tissues and organs forms

- structures that nourishes the developing embryo

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8
Q

fetal period (2)

A
  • body grows rapidly

- the fully formed organs begins to function

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9
Q

after fertilization.. what beings to happen (1)

A

cleavage division

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10
Q

before the zygote reaches the uterus, it undergoes what

A

cleavage division

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11
Q

cleavage divion continue to happen until what

A

it turns into a 16 celled called morula

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12
Q

morula

A
  • a zygote with 16 cells
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13
Q

how does blastocyst form

A
  • when morula forms 2 cells called trophoblast and inner mass cell
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14
Q

blastocyst…

inner and outer layer

A

inner: inner mass cell (becomes the embryo)
outer: trophoblast (nourishes the embryo)

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15
Q

what will trophoblast turn into..

A

chorion

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16
Q

what will chorion develop into

A

placenta

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17
Q

inner mass cell will develop into..

A

it will develop into a embryo

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18
Q

what implants itself onto the endometrium

A

blastocyst

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19
Q

what it positioned against the endometrium during implantation

A

inner mass cell

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20
Q

how does implantation occur

A

trophoblast secretes enzymes that digest through endometrium

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21
Q

the embryo attaching itself onto the endometrium will..

A

increased SA for nutrients absorption

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22
Q

when does a woman is concluded to be pregnant

A

when the implantation is successful

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23
Q

when is hCG secreted

A

once implantation begins

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24
Q

what secretes hCG

A
  • trophoblast/chorion
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25
hCG has the same function as..
LH | - they both keep corpus luteum alive
26
hCG effects (4)
- maintains corpus luteum = continuous secretion of F hormones - prevents menstruation - maintains endometrium - prevents spont abortion
27
hCG is less important during...
after 1st trimeter, when placenta is formed
28
amnion cavity (2)
- filled with amnionic fluid | - where the baby will develop
29
embryonic disk
composed of 3 layer.. - ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm
30
gastrula
an embryo with the primary germ layers
31
primary germ cells
first layer of cells formed during embryogenesis
32
all cells, tissues, and organs are derived from what
primary germ cells through differentiation
33
the FORMATION of primary germ cells is called
gastrulation
34
the DEVELOPMENT of the primary germ cells into tissues, organs, and cells is called
differentiation
35
morphogenesis (2)
- forming the shape of the organs and the shape of the organism itself - puts the cells where they need to be
36
morphogenesis begins with.. and depends on...
gastrulation | differentiation
37
neurulation Happens in embryonic or fetal period?
happens in embryogenesis | - the process of forming the neural tube, which develops into the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
38
notochord develops into
skeleton
39
neural tube develops into..
CNS
40
what marks the start of organ formation
neurulation
41
embryo turns into fetus when...
after 8th week | when or organs and structures are formed
42
gastrulation is complete when..
- embryo turns into fetus | - when organs are formed
42
Organs start function during
Embryo turns into fetus
43
extra-embryonic membranes are responsible for... (4)
responsible for.. - protection - nutrition - respiration - excretion
44
what are the extra-embryonic membranes
allantois amnion yolk chorion
45
afterbirth
expelled ... - extra-membrionic membranes - umbilical cord and placenta
46
what forms that umbilical cord (2)
allantois and yolk sac
47
placenta functions (3)
Nutritional: transports nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids; it also stores nutrients (protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals) to be released later in the pregnancy. Excretory: transports wastes such as urea, ammonia, and creatinine from the fetal blood to the mother’s blood. Respiratory: transports oxygen from mother to fetus, and carbon dioxide from fetus to mother. Endocrine: secretes hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin; allows these hormones to diffuse from mother to fetus and fetus to mother. Immune: provides passive immunity by transporting antibodies from the mother to the fetus’s blood.
48
embryonic vs fetal development
embryonic - when organs are being formed fetal - when organs are formed and just continue to develop
49
morphogenesis happens during..
embryonic period
50
what establish the beginnings of placenta
chorionic villi
51
chorionic villi
increase SA for nutrient absorption
52
placenta is rich with what
blood vessels
53
how is embryo attached to the uterine wall
through placenta
54
umbilical cord function
The umbilical cord contains one vein and two arteries; the arteries transport oxygen-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta. The vein transports oxygen-rich blood to the fetus
55
where does primary germ cells develop from
embryonic dick from blastocyst
56
during neurulation.. what begins the happen
NS begins to form
57
what trimester is proper nutrition important
3rd
58
what systems are las to mature
digestive and respiratory
59
when is the baby highly sensitive to environmental factors (teratogens)
when it is a fetus
60
teratogens
any agent that causes a structural abnormality of the developing fetus due to exposure during pregnancy
61
what forms the placenta (2)
chronic villi | chorion
62
what undergoes implantation
blastocyst
63
where does the extra-embryonic membrane forms
trophoblast
64
what undergoes gastrulation to form the embryonic disk (3 primary germ layers)
inner cell mass
65
what undergoes morphogenesis
endoderm
66
what undergoes neurulation
ectodern
67
production of hCG decreased after
1st trimester
68
extra-embryonic membrane explain them
``` - Amnion barrier from infections Is fluid filled (amniotic fluid) > Amniotic fluid: protects the embryo (trauma, impact, cushions it, keep tempt constant=prevents tempt fluctuation) ``` - Yolk sac: Produces the FIRST blood cell and the FUTURE sperm and egg cells Serves not nutrition function, unlike other animals - Allantois Forms the umbilical cord - Chorion Forms placenta Outer layer = encloses all other extra-embryonic membrane, as well as the embryo

biology (8 decks)

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