diuretics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • regulation of H2O and inorganic ion balance
  • removal of metabolic waste products from blood and excretion in urine
  • removal of foreign chemicals in the blood and excretion in urine
  • gluconeogenisis
  • endocrine functions (renin, eythropoietin and aldosterone)
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2
Q

where are the adrenal glands found?

A

theyre found at the top of the kidneys

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3
Q

what is the role of the adrenal glands?

A

theyre responsible for secretion of a number of important hormones

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4
Q

what is each adrenal gland made up of?

A

theyre each comprised of two endocrine components, a medulla (the inner part) that makes up 20% of the gland and a cortex (the outer part) that makes up the other 80%

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5
Q

what parts make up the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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6
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Na+, K+ and water homeostasis

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7
Q

what does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)
glucosa homeostasis and many others

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8
Q

what does the reticularis secrete?

A

sex steroids (androgens)

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9
Q

what does the medulla secrete?

A

catecholamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine

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10
Q

where does glomerular filtrate drain?

A

it drains into the bowman’s space then into the proximal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

what do endothelium pores allow through?

A

it allows through small molecules

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12
Q

what are podocytes?

A

they help to form a filtration barrier with endothelial cells

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13
Q

what stops proteins getting through into the tubular fluid?

A

the negative charge of the podocytes and the masement membrane

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14
Q

what does GFR stand for? and what is it?

A

glomular filtration rate and its represents the flow of plasma from the glomerulus into Bowman’s space over a specified period and is the chief measure of kidney function

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15
Q

what cells are in the juxtaglomerular apparatus and what do they secrete?

A

it includes JG cells and they secrete renin

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16
Q

does the afferent arteriole run into or out of the kidney?

A

it goes into the kidney

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17
Q

what is the nephrin?

A

it is where the reabsorption of water occurs

18
Q

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

A

it helps reulate renal blood flow
glomerular filtration rate
it also indiretly modulates Na+ balance and systemic BP

19
Q

what are macula densa cells sensitive to?

A

theyre sensitive to the level of sodium present in the filtrate

20
Q

what is an off target effect of beta blockers?

A

they indirectly inhibit the release of renin

21
Q

what is glomerular filtration controlled by?

A

its controlled by diameters of afferent and efferent arterioles

22
Q

what does autoregulation do?

A

it maintains blood supply and glomerular filtration rate and prevents high blood pressure surges from damaging the kidneys

23
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made up of?

A

the afferent and efferent arterioles and the distal convoluted apparatus

24
Q

what happens at the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • at this site, there are specialised cells in both the afferent arteriole and the macula densa
  • its believed to be involved in feedback control of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.
25
Q

what do macula densa cells do?

A

they respond to changes in the rate of flow and the composition of tubule fluid and they control renin release from specialised granular renin-containing cells in the afferent arteriole

26
Q

what is fluid driven by when it goes from the capillaries into the tubular capsule?

A

its driven by hydrodynamic force opposed by the oncogenic pressure of the plasma proteins to which the capillaries are impermeable to

27
Q

where are all the low molecular weight constituents found in the JGA?

A

theyre found in the filtrate

28
Q

what molecules are kept in the blood rather than the filtrate after the JGA?

A

albumin and larger proteins are retained in the blood

29
Q

what is high hydrostatic pressure at glomerular capillaries due to?

A

its due to short, wide afferent arterioles having low resistance to the flow and long, narrow efferent arterioles having high resistance

30
Q

what does a low dose of angiotensin II cause to the efferent arteriole ?

A

it causes constriction of the blood vessel

31
Q

what things can cause the afferent arteriole to dilate?

A

-prostaglandins
- kinins
- dopamine (low dose)
- ANP
- NO

32
Q

what causes the efferent arteriole to constrict?

A
  • high dose of angiotensin II
  • noradrenaline (sympathetic nerves)
  • endothelin
  • ADH
33
Q

what causes an efferent arteriole dilation?

A

an angiotensin II blockade

34
Q

what is long term blood pressure controlled by?

A

it controlled by controlling blood volume

35
Q

what is a reduction in renal pressure due to?

A

intrarenal redistribution of pressure and increased absorption of salt and water

36
Q

what does angiotensin II do in the kidneys?

A

it causes direct constriction of the renal arteries and stimulates aldosterone synthesis

37
Q

what do diuretics have an effect on?

A

thyeve got a direct effect on blood and the levels of sodium

38
Q

what happens if cells are loaded with sodium?

A

they become loaded with water as sodium has a high osmotic value, this causes the blood vessels to become rigid which reduces the volume within the tissue and makes the tissue tension lower as the blood vessels are more rigid

39
Q

what is vascular edema and why would people be given diuretics?

A
40
Q
A