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Human Histology > (P) Lec 4: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

(P) Lec 4: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three divisions of the Nervous System?

A

CNS, PNS, and Autonomic Nervous System

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2
Q

CNS is divided into which two main parts?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What are under PNS?

A

Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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5
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have?

A

12

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6
Q

How many spinal nerves do we have?

A

31

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7
Q

What are the two types of cells in the CNS?

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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8
Q

This type of cell in CNS has numerous long processes

A

Neurons

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9
Q

These are cells in the CNS that have short processes and they:
* Support and protect neurons
* Participate in many neural activities, neural nutrition, and defense of cells in the CNS

A

Glial cells

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10
Q

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body
Dendrite
Axon

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11
Q

Part of neuron which:

■ Contains the nucleus and most of the cell’s organelles
■ Serves as the synthetic or trophic center for the entire nerve cell

A

Cell body

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12
Q

Part of the neuron which:

■ Numerous elongated processes extending from the perikaryon
■ Specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons at unique sites called SYNAPSES

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

These are unique sites that are specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons

A

Synapses

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14
Q

Part of the neuron which:

■ Single long process ending at synapses specialized to generate and conduct nerve impulses to the other cells
■ In charge with the transmission or ‘sending away’ of electrical impulses to be received by other neurons

A

Axon

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15
Q

The neuron’s cell body is also referred to as?

A

Perikaryon or the Soma

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16
Q

Part of the neuron

○ It is the tropic center or the nutritive center, as well as the genetic center of the neuron.
○ It is also the part that encloses the nucleus and other organelles necessary to maintain and repair the neuron.

A

Perikaryon/Soma/Cell body

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17
Q

What are the organelles inside the perikaryon?

A

Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum with Ribosomes

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18
Q

RER with ribosomes are otherwise known as?

A

Nissl Substance

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19
Q

Organelle in perikaryon

Spherical or oval and is large, pale-staining, and centrally located

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

Part of perikaryon

Contains Nissl granules which are basophilic

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

Part of neuron

○ Receives and carry information towards the cell body
○ Are usually multiple
○ Are relatively short
○ Are often branched
○ Have receptors for neurotransmitters
○ Conduct local potentials

A

Dendrites

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22
Q

Part of neuron

○ Carries information to another neuron or muscle cell
○ Are typically longer than dendrites
○ May have collateral branches
○ Are covered by NEURILEMMA made up of SCHWANN CELLS

A

Axon

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23
Q

Axon’s plasma membrane is known as?

A

Axolemma

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24
Q

The axolemma has contents called?

A

Axoplasm

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25
Q

Axon originates in which part?

A

Axon Hillock

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26
Q

The neurolemma of axons are made up of what?

A

Schwann cells

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27
Q

What are the classifications of neurons according to function?

A
  1. Sensory (Afferent)
  2. Motor (Efferent)
  3. Inter-neurons
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28
Q

Classification of neurons according to function

They receive stimuli from receptors
throughout the body.
○ They are involved in the transmission of sensory stimuli from the environment or within the body
○ Impulse is transmitted to the CNS

A

Sensory (Afferent)

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29
Q

Classification of neurons according to function

They send impulses to effector organs
such as muscle fibers and glands.
○ They transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector organs (skeletal muscle) or from other efferent neurons that ultimately supply the effectors (smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands)

A

Motor (Efferent)

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30
Q

Two types of motor neurons

A

Somatic motor nerves
Autonomic motor nerves

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31
Q

Classification of neurons according to function

○ Associated neurons that transmit impulses from one part of the CNS to another
○ Their processes do not leave the CNS.

A

Inter-neurons

32
Q

What are the classifications of neurons according to the number of processes?

A

Multipolar Neurons
Bipolar Neurons
Unipolar Neurons
Anaxonic Neurons

33
Q

Classification of neurons according to number of processes

○ have one axon and two or more dendrites
○ They have more than two processes; there is a single axon and multiple dendrites

A

Multipolar Neurons

34
Q

Classification of neurons according to number of processes

○ have one dendrite and one axon
○ They have two processes separated by the cell body

A

Bipolar Neurons

35
Q

Classification of neurons according to number of processes

○ Also referred to as pseudounipolar neurons
○ They have a single process that bifurcates close to the perikaryon, with the longer branch extending to a peripheral ending and the other toward the CNS
○ They have a single elongated process, with the cell body situated off to the side

A

Unipolar Neurons

36
Q

Classification of neurons according to number of processes

○ They have many dendrites but have no true axon
○ They have more than two processes, but axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites.

A

Anaxonic Neurons

37
Q

What are the classifications of neurons according to structure?

A

Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

38
Q

Classification of neurons according to structure

Examples of this are cerebro-spinal ganglia or sensory ganglia located at the dorsal root of the spinal cord

A

Pseudounipolar

39
Q

Classification of neurons according to structure

Examples of this are retina, spiral and vestibular ganglia of the inner ear, and olfactory mucosa

A

Bipolar

40
Q

Classification of neurons according to structure

motor neurons of the CNS and peripheral autonomic ganglia

A

Multipolar

41
Q

This is a structure that permits a neuron or nerve cell to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

A

Synapse

42
Q

This is a contact area of one axon with the dendrites or perikaryon of another that passes polarity

A

Synapse

43
Q

This involves:

■ Telodendron Membrane (Presynaptic Membrane)
■ Synaptic Cleft
■ Postsynaptic Membrane

A

Synapse

44
Q

Neuroglial cells are otherwise known as?

A

Glial cells

45
Q

These cells support the neuronal survival and activities

A

Neuroglial cells

46
Q

Neuroglial cells are how many times more abundant than neurons?

A

10 times

47
Q

How many types of neuroglial cells are there?

A

6

48
Q

What are the glial cells found in the CNS?

A

■ Astrocytes
■ Microglia
■ Oligodendrocytes
■ Ependymal Cells

49
Q

What are the glial cells found in the PNS?

A

■ Satellite Cells
■ Schwann cells.

50
Q

T or F: Glial cells synapse with other cells

A

False

51
Q

CNS Glial Cell:
→ the largest, most important in the CNS
→ the nucleus is spherical, centrally located, and pale-staining
→ processes have expanded pedicles at their ends

A

Astrocyte

52
Q

Type of Astrocyte:
Found in the gray matter; abundant in granular cytoplasm and processes have many branches but are shorter and relatively thick

A

Protoplasmic

53
Q

Type of Astrocyte:
Found in the white matter; cytoplasm shows fibrillar material and processes are long, slender, and smooth that branch infrequently

A

Fibrous

54
Q

CNS Glial Cell:
→ are smaller; nuclei are round, small, and dense
→ cytoplasm is electron dense
→ processes are less numerous and shorter
→ found in both gray and white matter
→ precursor of myelin sheaths

A

Oligodendrocytes

55
Q

CNS Glial Cell:
→ cell bodies are smaller, denser, and elongated; are cigar-shaped
→ nuclei are made up of condensed chromatin and has an elongated shape
→ processes have a thorny appearance
→ found in both gray and white matter (are phagocytic)
→ originates from the mesenchyme while others are derived from the ectoderm
→ lines the cavities where CSF flows but does not produce CSF itself

A

Microglia

56
Q

CNS Glial Cell:
→ supporting cells that line the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricular cavities of the brain
→ cells are squamous cuboidal/columnar-shaped with wide bases
→ surfaces are provided with cilia during embryonic life
→ nuclei are elongated, round, or oval in shape

A

Ependymal Cells

57
Q

CNS:
→ has an outer cortex of gray matter and an inner medulla of white matter
→ the parenchyma of the cortex is the Pyramidal Cells of Betz

A

Cerebrum

58
Q

CNS:
→ an outer gray matter of cortex and inner cerebellar medulla
→ has three layers:
1. Molecular layer
2. Purkinje cell layer
3. Granular layer
→ the white medulla is composed of myelinated nerve fibers and glial cells

A

Cerebellum

59
Q

CNS:
→ has an inner core of gray matter
- anterior/ventral horns and posterior/dorsal horns are joined at the center by a thin gray matter (central commissure) surrounding the central canal
- neurons are found in the gray matter including the neuroglial cells
→ has an outer core or white matter composed of myelinated nerve fibers and neuroglial cells

A

Spinal Cord

60
Q

Meninges:
→ contains dense connective tissue
→ outermost layer

A

Dura Mater

61
Q

Meninges:
→ a delicate impermeable membrane made up of loose connective tissue devoid of blood vessels
→ cobweb-like appearance

A

Arachnoid Mater

62
Q

Meninges:
→ contains loose connective tissue
→ innermost layer

A

Pia Mater

63
Q

Meninges:
- space between the arachnoid and pia mater

A

Sub-arachnoid space

64
Q

Peripheral nerves can be myelinated or unmyelinated as they can ONLY be lined by what cell type?

A

Schwann Cells (myelination is derived form here)

65
Q

A bimolecular lipoprotein complex that is interrupted at the Nodes of Ranvier

A

Myelin Sheath

66
Q

Coverings of Peripheral Nerves:
→ outermost connective tissue sheet covering all bundles of fibers in a nerve

A

Epineurium

67
Q

Coverings of Peripheral Nerves:
→ middle connective tissue sheet covering individual bundles of fibers

A

Perineurium

68
Q

Coverings of Peripheral Nerves:
→ innermost sheet covering the individual axons of each fiber in a bundle

A

Endoneurium

69
Q

These are:
→ aggregations of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
→ ovoid structures encapsulated with dense connective tissue and associated with nerves

A

Ganglia

70
Q

These are:
→ found at the dorsal roots of all spinal nerves and some cranial nerves
→ are sensory in nature
→ nerve cells are of the pseudounipolar type
→ surrounded by a capsule of dense connective tissue

A

Cranio-Spinal Ganglia

71
Q

These are:
- Large, oval or spheroidal-shaped
- Nuclei are large, rounded, and centrally-located
- Lined by cellular fibrous connective tissue elements
- Inner aspect of this investment consists of flattened cells closely applied to the plasma membrane of the neuron
- Satellite cells or inner capsule cells

A

Ganglion Cells

72
Q

Other name for cranio-spinal ganglia

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia/Sensory Ganglia

73
Q

Location of sympathetic ganglia

A

T12 and L2 or L3

74
Q

Location of parasympathetic ganglia

A

S2 - S4

75
Q

Type of Ganglia:
- Neurons are the multipolar type
- Are oval-shaped structures
- Nuclei are eccentrically located, large, and oval-shaped
- Nissl’s substance may be distributed throughout the cytoplasm or confined to the perinuclear zone or peripheral cytoplasm
- Lipofuscin granules are more frequent
- Surrounded by a layer of satellite cells but less numerous

A

Autonomic Ganglia

Human Histology (26 decks)

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