Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

REPD 372 > Module 3: Conception and Implantation > Flashcards

Module 3: Conception and Implantation Flashcards

1
Q

Four phase model components

A

-phase 1
-phase 2
-phase 3
-phase 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phase 1

A

-excitement
-increase in arousal that results as a response to sexual stimuli, characterized by increased heart rate, and blood pressure, and increase of blood flow to the genitals etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Phase 2

A

-plateau
-characterized by continuation or intensification of responses in phase 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phase 3

A

-orgasm
-conclusion of plateau phase, lasts only a few seconds
-involuntary muscle contractions, peak in heart rate, blood pressure and breathing, and release of muscle tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phase 4

A

-resolution
-body returns to normal state, swelled/erect body parts return to previous size and colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is sexual response mediated

A

-by coordinated activity of autonomic and somatic innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does innervation for reproductive organs originate from

A

-sacral (parasympathetic) and lumbar nerve roots (sympathetic) in spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vascular dilation

A

-part of the sex response, causes this of genital organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stimulation of secretions

A

-either prostatic or vaginal secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Smooth muscle contractions

A

-of vas deferens during ejaculation in males
-rhythmic vaginal contractions during orgasm in females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Contractions of the somatic pelvic muscles

A

-accompany orgasm in both sexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phase 1 in males

A

-erectile reflex caused by stimulation of parasympathetic nerves that supply arterioles of penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phase 1 in males molecules

A

-nitric oxide
-guanylyl cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nitric oxide

A

-main molecule responsible for inducing relaxation of smooth muscles of the penile arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Guanylyl cyclase

A

-activated by nitric oxide
-increases cellular concentration of cGMP to cause a reduction in intracellular ion concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phase 2 in males

A

-erection continues
-urethral sphincter contracts to prevent retrograde ejactulation
-bulborethral glands produce mucus
-scrotum becomes tightened causing testicles to rise to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phase 3 in males components

A

-emission
-expulsion
-emission continued
-expulsion continues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Phase 3 in males emission

A

-bladder neck closes to prevent retrograde ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phase 3 in males expulsion

A

-semen is propelled outward via muscular contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phase 3 in males emission continued

A

-sperm cells are mized with prostatic fluid as they are ejected into prostatic section of urethra, followed by seminal vesicle fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phase 3 in males expulsion continued

A

-rhythmic contractions are generated by bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus modules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phase 4 in males

A

-the release of oxytocin is believed to be chiefly responsible for the male refractory period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Erectile disorders

A

-ischemic priapism
-erectile dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ischemic priapism

A

-condition where the penis remains erect for hours due to inadequate draining of blood from penis
-occurs when there are problems in the resolution phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

NO pathway and erectile dysfunction

A

-PDE-5 rapidly metabolizes cGMP to GMP
-blocking this enxyme would allow cGMP concentrations to increase which would led to increased vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Phase 1 in females components

A

-swelling of external genitalia
-elevation of uterus
-increased vaginal lubrication
-swelling of breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Phase 1 in females swelling of external genitalia innervation

A

-innervated by parasympathetic nerve fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Phase 1 in females elevation of the uterus

A

-uterus raises upward, known as uterine tenting
-causing internal enlargement of vaginal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Phase 1 in females increased vaginal lubrication

A

-production of vaginal lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Phase 1 in females swelling of the breasts

A

-increased blood pressure causes swelling and enlargement of breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Phase 2 in females

A

-swelling of clitoris, labia minora, and vagina increases
-uterus elevated further
-near orgasm the pubococcygeus muscle tightens, reducing diameter of vaginal opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Orgasmic platform

A

-tissues near vaginal opening swell significantly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Phase 3 in females

A

-orgasm leads to involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the uterus and vaginal muscles, followed by release of muscle tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Phase 4 in females

A

-a refractory period occurs but is not as pronounced as in males
-some women can experience multiple orgasms before or after entering refractory period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Persistent genital arousal disorder

A

-women
-spontanoeus, unwanted and uncontrollable genital arousal experienced by patients is often very painful and significantly disrupts functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How has the pelvis changed over time

A

-relative position shifted downwards
-wider pelvic and vaginal canal to fir bigger heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How has the penis changed over time

A

-had to grow larger to maintain compulsory fit necessary to stimulate both partners toward sexual intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Egg transport

A

-refers to the movement of oocyte from moment of expulsion from ovarian follicle to entry into the distal segment of fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cumulus-oocyte complex

A

-oocyte is released within this thick layer, and produces large amounts of hyaluronan, which forms an expanded extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cumulus-oocyte complex function

A

-aiding of picking up the oocyte by the oviduct
-release of sperm-attracting molecules that increase chances of an encounter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Egg sweeping

A

-the oocyte does not immediately land in the fallopian tube it must find its way
-it is believed that periodic sweeping of ovarian surface by fimbriae allows egg to attach

42
Q

Oocyte transfer to ampulla

A

-the beating of ciliated cells of the oviductal epithelium and peristaltic movements of oviduct help with transport

43
Q

Activation of the oocyte

A

-final step that occurs at fertilization, where it completes meiosis II and fusion with the sperm

44
Q

Capacitation

A

-process by which sperm acquire the capacity to fertilize

45
Q

When does capacitation begin

A

-when sperm come in contact with the cervical mucus

46
Q

Decapacitation factors

A

-inhibitory factors that aim to delay activation and increase chances of reaching oocyte in optimal state
-seminal fluids coat them with these factors

47
Q

Main decapacitation factor

A

-cholesterol

48
Q

Cholesterol

A

-powerful decapacitation factor that serves to stabilize plasma membrane of spermatozoa during transit

49
Q

Albumin

A

-from female secretions
-binds cholesterol causing the outer membrane to have increase permeability and fluidity

50
Q

What does a more permeable sperm plasma membrane cause

A

-allows for influx of calcium and bicarbonate resulting in activation of second messengers and initiation of signaling events that will later facilitate the acrosome reaction

51
Q

Flagellar wave pattern of sperm

A

-changes to asymmetrical and faster thrashing of the sperm tail
-propels sperm forward and to penetrate the outer layer of the oocyte

52
Q

Catsper sperm hyperactivation

A

-calcium ion channel

53
Q

Catsper function

A

-binding of progesterone activates calcium channel and stimulated hypermobility of tail towards the oocyte

54
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

-exocytotic process occuring in the sperm head that is essential or penetration of the zona pellucida and fertilization of the oocyte

55
Q

Role of seminal fluid in fertilization

A

-has an alkaline pH and other factors to protect sperm from natural acidity of vaginal canal which is toxic to sperm

56
Q

What happens to most of the sperm relesed during ejaculation

A

-they are eliminated through the same mechanisms designed to defend female tract from pathogens

57
Q

Mechanisms to facilitate transfer of sperm

A

-cervical mucus and muscle contraction
-oviductal fluid

58
Q

Cervical mucus and muscle contraction

A

-cervical mucus becomes thinner due to high levels of estrogen, which helps the sperm swim towards oocyte

59
Q

Oviductal fluid

A

-produced by oviductal epithelium and always flows in the direction of the uterus
-both egg and chemoattractant molecules that indicate the position of the egg are pushed towards incoming sperm

60
Q

Cervical mucus in the follicular phase

A

-prior

61
Q

Cervical mucus around time of ovulation

A

-trigger opening of the cervix and thinning of cervical mucus to help sperm swim towards egg

62
Q

Cervical mucus during the luteal phase

A

-secretions form a thick plug and the cervix tightens in order to block sperm penetration

63
Q

How long is oocyte available for

A

-24-48 hours

64
Q

How long can sperm survive for

A

-3-5 days

65
Q

Where is the site of fertilization

A

-oviduct
-specifically the ampulla of fallopian tube

66
Q

Steps of fertilization

A

-binding and penetration of cumulus matrix
-adhesion and penetration of zona pellucida
-plasma membrane fusion
-oocyte activation and nuclear fusion

67
Q

Binding and penetration of cumulus matrix

A

-sperm makes contact with outer layer of cumulus cells, a protein that is present in the sperm head comes in contact with hyaluronan molecules in extracellular matrix and begins to degrade them to reach zona pellucida

68
Q

Adhesion and penetration of zona pellucida

A

-plasma membrane of sperm head bond to ZP3 which triggers acrosome reaction

69
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

-involves fusion of plasma membrane with outer acrosomal membrane of sperm, which causes release of enzymes which allow sperm to reach vitelline membrane

70
Q

Plasma membrane fusion

A

-sperm penetrate the zona and enter perivitelline space, inner acrosomal membrane binds to oocyte membrane via ZP2 receptor which mediates fusion of plasma membranes and sperm loses tail

71
Q

Mechanisms of preventing double fertilization

A

-fast block
-cortical reaction (slow block)

72
Q

Fast block

A

-near instantaneous change in sodium ion permeability upon binding of the first sperm
-depolarizes oocyte plasma membrane and prevents fusion of additional sperm cells

73
Q

Cortical reaction (slow block)

A

-cortical granules sitting immediately below the oocyte plasma membrane fuse with the membrane and release zonal inhibiting proteins and glyocosaminoglycans into the perivitelline space
-causing release of any other attached sperm and detroying oocytes glycoproteins, preventing any other sperm from binding

74
Q

Oocyte activation and nuclear fusion

A

-egg resumes and completes meiosis II and pronuclei of oocyte and sperm fuse to create a zygote

75
Q

Zinc

A

-an element involved in egg activation, required for high levels for meiotic progression of the egg

76
Q

What must happen to zinc levels after fertilization

A

-must decrease to allow for cell cycle resumption

77
Q

Oocyte to embryo transition

A

-when parental genomes fuse, the genome is reprogrammed to switch from a highly specialized cell to a totipotent cell

78
Q

Preimplantation period

A

-period of time between fertilization and the moment the embryo attaches

79
Q

How long is the preimplantation period

A

-8-10 days

80
Q

Cleavage

A

-rapid cell divisions that lead to tissue differentiation

81
Q

When does cleavage occur

A

-day 0-8

82
Q

Blastomeres

A

-resulting cells of cleavage

83
Q

Day 1 of implantation process

A

-first cleavage
-will divide into 2 cells
-known as 2-cell stage

84
Q

Day 2-4 of implantation process

A

-further cleavages, will divide into 4, 8, and 16 cells

85
Q

What is a 16 cell mass called

A

-morula

86
Q

Day 4 of implantation process

A

-compaction
-the morula cells will begin to exert pressure on each other and become deformed and flattened

87
Q

Day 6-7 of implantation process

A

-zona hatching
-blastocyst breaks our of zona pellucida and this allows trophoblast cells to come in direct contact with uterine epithelium and begin process of implantation

88
Q

Day 7-10 of implantation process

A

-implantation
-attaches itself to uterine cavity

89
Q

Implantation steps

A

-apposition
-adhesion
-invasion

90
Q

Implantation apposition

A

-connection with uterine wall is formed
-microvilli on surface of trophoblast interdigitate with microprotrusions on uterine epithelium known as pinopodes to make a weak connection

91
Q

Implantation adhesion

A

-day 6-7
-combination of inhibitory signals and adhesive signals from endometrial surface help embryo avoid areas with poor chances of implantation, and adheres to an appropriate spot on endometrium

92
Q

Implantation invasion

A

-trophoblast cells begin to penetrate and effectively invade endometrium by day 9-10
-uterine epithelium grows over to cover site of implantation

93
Q

Ectopic implantation

A

-abnormal implantation of the blastocyst

94
Q

Where might ectopic implantation occur

A

-ovary
-cervix
-abdominal cavity

95
Q

Window of implantation

A

-endometrium is typically not receptive to implantation except around this window

96
Q

Decidualization of the uterine lining

A

-a receptive endometrium will have increased vascularization and enhances secretory activity in uterine glands

97
Q

What hormone helps with decidualization of uterine lining

A

-progesterone

98
Q

What happens to uterus during decisualization

A

-uterine glands increase in size
-stromal cells turn into large swollen cells containing extra quantities of glycogen, proteins, and lipids for development of embryo

99
Q

Decidua

A

-after decidualization the uterine lining is called this
-only during pregnancy

100
Q

Histiotrophic nutrition

A

-embryo is unable to connect to maternal circulation early on and therefore receives nutrients provided by decidua

101
Q

Hemotrophic nutrition

A

-after around day 16 the embryo will have access to maternal blood and will be able to receive nutrition in this way

102
Q

Reccurent implantation failure

A

-cause of female infertility
-may be caused by inadequate uterus receptivity or problems with uterus itself

REPD 372 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions