Pathophysiology

Question 1

Sodium Normal Levels

Answer 1

135 - 145 mEq/L

Question 2

Potassium Normal Levels

Answer 2

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

Question 3

Calcium Normal Levels

Answer 3

8.5 - 10.2 mg/dL

Question 4

Phosphate Normal Levels

Answer 4

2.8 - 4.5 mg/dL

Question 5

Magnesium Normal Levels

Answer 5

1.8 - 2.6 mEq/L

Question 6

pH Normal Values

Answer 6

7.35 - 7.45

Question 7

PaCO2 Normal Values
(Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide)

Answer 7

35 - 45 mmHg

Question 8

HCO3 Normal Values
(Bicarbonate)

Answer 8

22 - 26 mEq/L

Question 9

PaO2 Normal Values
(Partial Pressure of Oxygen)

Answer 9

≥ 80 mmHg

Question 10

SaO2 Normal Values
(Arterial Oxygen Saturation)

Answer 10

> 95%

Question 11

If the pH and PCO2 line up it is?

Answer 11

Respiratory

Question 12

If the pH and the HCO3 line up it is?

Answer 12

Metabolic

Question 13

If the pH lines up with the Normal Column but the other two don’t then

Answer 13

use the more than or less than 7.4 pH method, if the pH is 7.37 then shift it to the acidic column, if the pH is 7.43 then shift it to the Alkalosis column. Afterwards determine if it is metabolic or respiratory based on which one the pH lines up with, PaCO2 or HCO3.

Question 14

If everything lines up in one column, it is?

Answer 14

either a mixed acidosis, mixed alkalosis, or normal

Acid | Normal | Base (Alkaline)

Question 15

If nothing lines up it is?

Answer 15

Fully Compensated

Acid | Normal | Base (Alkaline)

Question 16

If the pH and one system line up AND the other system is in the opposite column AND the pH falls outside the normal range, then it is?

Answer 16

Partially Compensated

Acid | Normal | Base (Alkaline)

Question 17

If the pH and one system line up, but the other is normal it is?

Answer 17

Uncompensated

Acid | Normal | Base (Alkaline)

Question 18

Hypertrophy

Answer 18

Increase in the size of cells
Results in increased size of the organ

Question 19

Hyperplasia

Answer 19

Increase in the number of cells
Results in increase in size of the organ

Question 20

Atrophy

Answer 20

Reduced size of an organ due to a decrease in cell size and number

Question 21

Metaplasia

Answer 21

Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type

Question 22

Necrosis

Answer 22

Accidental Cell Death

Question 23

Apoptosis

Answer 23

Programmed Cell “Suicide”

Question 24

Hypoxia

Answer 24

low levels of oxygen

Question 25

Ischemia

Answer 25

condition in which blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body

Question 26

Isotonic Cells

Answer 26

Neither shrink nor swell

Question 27

Hypotonic Cells

Answer 27

Swell

Question 28

Hypertonic Cells

Answer 28

Shrink

Question 29

Edema

Answer 29

Accumulation of fluid in extracellular space

Question 30

Hemophilia

Answer 30

A hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency of one or more clotting factors

Question 31

Bleeding Precautions (Randi)

Answer 31

R-Razor Electric/Blades.
A-Aspirin. NO!
N-Needles- small gauge.
D-Decrease needle sticks.
I-Injury (Protect from)

Question 32

How to access for possible stroke?

Answer 32

F.A.S.T
[F]ace weakness: Can the person smile? Has their mouth or eye drooped?
[A]rm weakness: Can the person raise both arms?
[S]peech problems: Can the person speak clearly and understand what you say?
[T]ime to call 911: if you see any of these signs.

Question 33

Signs of a stroke

Answer 33

-Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body
-Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
-Sudden vision changes; blindness or trouble seeing out of one or both eyes
-Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination
-Sudden severe headache, with no known cause