Diagnosis (pack 1) Flashcards
What are the four D’s of diagnosis?
Deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger
What does deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger mean?
- deviance- behaviours that are unusual in society
- distress- individual finds their behaviour emotionally upsetting
- dysfunction- the extent to which the behaviour interferes with their day to day life
- Danger- behaviour that could harm themselves or others.
Two strengths to evaluate the 4 D’s diagnosing system?
- Provide a holistic way to assess someone’s mental health as it covers a range of symptoms
- DAVIS suggests a fifth D is needed which increases the validity
Two weaknesses to evaluate the four D’s diagnosing system?
- Distress is subjective and difficult to measure. Also not all those with MHD are distressed by it- sociopaths content, lacks VALIDITY
2.subjectivity means it lacks reliability, do not arrive at the same diagnosis, lowers validity.
What are classification systems?
used to help practitioners make diagnosis and establish appropriate treatment regimens
What is the medical model of abnormality?
A biological approach which assumes that the major source of abnormal behaviour is some form of medical illness.
What do supporters of the medical model of abnormality assume psychological symptoms are a sign of?
outward signs of the inner physical disorder.
Two problems with using the medical model for diagnosis of mental disorders?
1.symptoms are subjective as they are mental. clinician makes decision based upon experience.
2. Medical model heavily criticised by anti-psychiatry movement, authors such as THOMAS SZASZ and R.D LAING, who suggested that these symptoms are a reaction to coping with our sick society.
What are the two major classification systems?
DSM-5 and ICD-10
Where is the ICD-10 mainly used?
Britain and other parts of the world
Where is the DSM-5 mainly used?
North America
How do the classification systems stay inclusive?
Regularly update to take into account people changing cultural views.
What improves the systems when they are regularly updated?
inconsistencies can be removed, increasing both validity and reliability.
Why may the classification systems be criticised as reductionist?
Both rely on checklists for behaviours.
What are the classification systems based off of and why is this a criticism?
Use the medical model
Belief that mental health issues should be treated in the same way as physical illnesses
Why may the DSM be considered less reductionist than the ICD?
it takes into account psychosocial factors and disabilities
How many categories does the ICD-10 have?
100
for example, dementia with similar disorders strung together too
What is the DSM-5 criteria to diagnose depression?
Five or more symptoms persisting within the same two week period
At least one symptom must be 1) depressed mood or 2) loss of interest or pleasure
When is diagnosis considered reliable?
if different practitioners arrive at the same diagnosis (inter-rater reliability)
What did SPITZER AND WILLIAMS find out was wrong with the reliability of the DSM
found that psychiatrists only agree on diagnosis 50% of the time