Diagnosis (pack 1) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What are the four D’s of diagnosis?

A

Deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger mean?

A
  1. deviance- behaviours that are unusual in society
  2. distress- individual finds their behaviour emotionally upsetting
  3. dysfunction- the extent to which the behaviour interferes with their day to day life
  4. Danger- behaviour that could harm themselves or others.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two strengths to evaluate the 4 D’s diagnosing system?

A
  1. Provide a holistic way to assess someone’s mental health as it covers a range of symptoms
  2. DAVIS suggests a fifth D is needed which increases the validity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two weaknesses to evaluate the four D’s diagnosing system?

A
  1. Distress is subjective and difficult to measure. Also not all those with MHD are distressed by it- sociopaths content, lacks VALIDITY
    2.subjectivity means it lacks reliability, do not arrive at the same diagnosis, lowers validity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are classification systems?

A

used to help practitioners make diagnosis and establish appropriate treatment regimens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the medical model of abnormality?

A

A biological approach which assumes that the major source of abnormal behaviour is some form of medical illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do supporters of the medical model of abnormality assume psychological symptoms are a sign of?

A

outward signs of the inner physical disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two problems with using the medical model for diagnosis of mental disorders?

A

1.symptoms are subjective as they are mental. clinician makes decision based upon experience.
2. Medical model heavily criticised by anti-psychiatry movement, authors such as THOMAS SZASZ and R.D LAING, who suggested that these symptoms are a reaction to coping with our sick society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two major classification systems?

A

DSM-5 and ICD-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the ICD-10 mainly used?

A

Britain and other parts of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the DSM-5 mainly used?

A

North America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do the classification systems stay inclusive?

A

Regularly update to take into account people changing cultural views.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What improves the systems when they are regularly updated?

A

inconsistencies can be removed, increasing both validity and reliability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why may the classification systems be criticised as reductionist?

A

Both rely on checklists for behaviours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the classification systems based off of and why is this a criticism?

A

Use the medical model
Belief that mental health issues should be treated in the same way as physical illnesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why may the DSM be considered less reductionist than the ICD?

A

it takes into account psychosocial factors and disabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many categories does the ICD-10 have?

A

100
for example, dementia with similar disorders strung together too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria to diagnose depression?

A

Five or more symptoms persisting within the same two week period
At least one symptom must be 1) depressed mood or 2) loss of interest or pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is diagnosis considered reliable?

A

if different practitioners arrive at the same diagnosis (inter-rater reliability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did SPITZER AND WILLIAMS find out was wrong with the reliability of the DSM

A

found that psychiatrists only agree on diagnosis 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What did BROWN find that supported the reliability and validity of the DSM?

A

diagnosis for anxiety and mood disorders and found them to be good to excellent

22
Q

What factors impact reliability of diagnosis?

A
  1. Patient factors
  2. clinician factors
  3. classification systems
23
Q

What is an example of patient factors? (reliability)

A

patients may give psychiatrists different information for some reason

24
Q

What is an example of clinician factors? (reliability)

A

practitioners are not completely objective

25
Q

What research shows that both the DSM-5 and ICD-10 have both significantly improved in reliability for depression?

A

PEDERSON found 71% of psychiatrists agreed with the ICD-10 definition of depression when assessing 116 people.

26
Q

What is a weakness of patient factors?

A

May not disclose all relevant information because they are embarrassed or ashamed…therefore clinician cannot arrive at accurate diagnosis.

27
Q

What is a weakness of clinician factors?

A

implicit bias (positive or negative attitudes that a person may hold at an unconscious level) in the clinician can reduce the validity of diagnosis.

28
Q

What is a weakness of the classification systems?

A

if the classification system is biased itself

29
Q

What did COCHRAN find out was a weakness with the classification systems?

A

the classifications themselves lead to practitioners to take on a euro centric bias

30
Q

what did MASON AND COLLEAGUES show was a strength in the classification systems?

A

the diagnosis of schizophrenia using the ICD-10 has good predictive validity

31
Q

What did the anti-psychiatry movement believe diagnosis could be used for?

A

An agent of social control

32
Q

What did DAVID ROSENHAN critique?

A

The medical model

33
Q

What are the two things Rosenhan believed about diagnosis?

A
  1. Diagnosis not accurate
  2. Being given a diagnosis would negatively affect a persons life as they are given a label so others would judge them
34
Q

What were the two aims for Rosenhan’s first study?

A
  1. Wanted to see if sane people would be found out to be sane after being admitted
  2. He wanted to see what it was like to live in a psychiatry hospital and to be viewed as insane
35
Q

3 points within the procedure of Rosenhan’s first study?

A
  1. Took 8 sane confederate pseudo-patients and asked them to call the hospital requesting an appointment
  2. went to 12 varied hospitals, patients claimed to hear voices saying words such as ‘hollow’ or ‘thud’. All participants diagnosed with schizophrenia.
  3. Resumed normal behaviour once admitted
36
Q

What were three results of Rosenhan’s first study?

A
  1. No pseudo-patients were detected as being confederates

2.Average stay was 19 days

  1. staff had no doubts of authenticity of patients BUT 35/118 patients expressed doubts.
37
Q

What were three conclusions of Rosenhan’s first study?

A
  1. Once labelled schizophrenic, it is very difficult to get rid of that label
  2. diagnosis of mental & behavioural disorders is unreliable and subjective
  3. Doctors more likely to treat a healthy person as sick, then a sick person as healthy
38
Q

3 strengths of Rosenhan’s first study?

A
  1. generalisability- large and varied sample of institutions, good generalisability as individual differences of institutions have less impact
  2. Used standard procedures as all patients came to the institutions with the same ‘symptoms’, and then all resumed normal behaviour after admission. This increases reliability and replicability.
  3. Good ecological validity because the study took place in real institutions, so the findings can be applied to a real life setting.
39
Q

3 weaknesses of Rosenhan’s first study?

A
  1. Validity- Pseudo-patients deceived psychiatrists of their sanity, and professionals were misinformed in the second study so internal validity is reduced as deception guided the results.
  2. In study 2 staff had to rate patients sanity on a scale of 1-10, and this can vary based on the interactions staff had with patients.

3Staff did not receive a full debrief, so staff had no opportunity to discuss their distress.

40
Q

Why did Rosenhan create a second study?

A

An institution challenged them to send pseudo-patients as they believed they wouldn’t make the same mistakes as the others.

41
Q

What was the aim of Rosenhan’s second study?

A

To see if the hospitals would be able to differentiate between the sane and the insane, when told pseudo-patients would approach

42
Q

What was some of the procedure for Rosenhan’s second study?

A

1.hospital told over next 3 months, pseudo-patients would try to be admitted

2.Staff asked to rate on scale of 1-10 how likely patients would be fake.

3.no pseudo patients admitted.

43
Q

conclusion of Rosenhan’s second study?

A

staff unable to detect insanity.

43
Q

Two results from Rosenhan’s second study?

A
  1. 41 rated as a pseudo-patient (by two patients)
  2. 23 rated as pseudo-patient by a psychiatrist
43
Q

What was the aim of Rosenhan’s third study?

A

To investigate patient/staff contact

44
Q

what were two parts of the procedure for Rosenhan’s third study?

A

Some of the pseudo-patients asked staff “Pardon me, Mr/Mrs/Dr X, could you tell me when I will be eligible for ground privileges?”

Compared this to responses given to a student at Stanford university

45
Q

What were the results of Rosenhan’s third study

A

71 psychiatrists moved on with head averted
Only 4 stopped and talked

46
Q

What was the conclusion for Rosenhan’s third study?

A

Rosenhan concluded that psychiatric patients are treated differently to non-psychiatric patients.

47
Q

What did Rosenhan suggest after the third study?

A

Patients powerless while on mental ward and lack of eye contact depersonalises the patients.

48
Q

What research supported Rosenhan’s study?

A

Lauren Slater- went to emergency stops and said she heard ‘thud’ and was diagnosed with depression and psychosis

49
Q

What research challenges Rosenhan’s studies?

A

Spitzer et al- suggested they were flawed and sensationalist
causing harm by creating doubt about the treatment of mental health.