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Neuro > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

A

Myofibres arranged in fascicles

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2
Q

Connective tissue in skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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3
Q

Basement membrane in skeletal muscle

A

Surrounds individual myofibres
Collage, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

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4
Q

Role of basement membrane in skeletal muscle

A

Tensile strength, regeneration and development

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5
Q

Myotendinous junction

A

Transmits force of muscle contraction the the tendon

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle innervation

A

Each fibre innervated by one nerve, with cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem

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7
Q

Motor unit

A

One neuron innervated multiple muscle fibres

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8
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse- rapid transmission of depolarising impulse
ACh binds post-synaptic AChR

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9
Q

Role of proprioception

A

Length and tensiom

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10
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Encapsulated intrafusal fibres
Mediate stretch reflexes and proprioception

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11
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Tension

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12
Q

Control of skeletal muscle

A

Primary motor cortex
Basal ganglia/ cerebellar systems
Dessucation of Corticospinal tract in medulla
Anterior horn cell
LMN
Neuromuscular junction

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13
Q

Muscle control is

A

Somatotopic
Contalateral

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14
Q

Studying skeletal muscle

A

Muscle biopsy
Requires the use of frozen sections and good orientation
Electron microscopy
Molecular tests

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15
Q

Muscle fibre types

A

Slow twitch
Fast twitch

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16
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Type 1
Oxidative
Fatigue resistant

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17
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibres stain ….

A

Red

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18
Q

Fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Fatigue rapidly but generate a large peak of muscle tension
2A- glycolytic and oxidative
2B- glycolytic

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19
Q

Colour of 2A fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Intermediate - pink

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20
Q

Colour of 2B fast twitch muscle fibres

A

White

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21
Q

Motor unit

A

Lower motor neurone and the fibres it innervates
Neurone and its fibres the same type
Fibre type dependent on neuron
Size of motor unit varies between muscles

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22
Q

What causes fibre atrophy (shrinks)

A

Loss of innervation of motor units

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23
Q

What allows reinnervation of a motor unit

A

Collateral sprouting from adjacent motor units- larger motor units form (can be detected electrophysiologically)
Conversion of fibres results in fibre type grouping

24
Q

Fibre type grouping

A

Conversion of fibres resulting in larger motor units with same fibre type following reinnervation

25
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic unit of contraction
Repeating arrangement of think (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments

26
Q

Other proteins at the Z-line of a sarcomere

A

Alpha-actinin
Titin
Nebulin
Desmin

27
Q

Role of desmin

A

Links myofibrils to each other and the sarcolemma

28
Q

What is linked to actin

A

Troponin and tropomyosin complex- calcium regulation

29
Q

A band

A

Both actin and myosin

30
Q

I band

A

Only actin

31
Q

H band

A

Only myosin

32
Q

Z disc

A

Attachment of actin

33
Q

M line

A

Attachment for myosin

34
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

Myosin heads bind to actin
Binding of ATP allows release and hydrolysis to ADO allows movement of myosin head
ADP released during power trike
Initiated by increased cytosolic Ca2+

35
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

Short term energy storage
CP replenished by creatine kinase

36
Q

What cause creatine kinase to be released

A

Muscle fibre damage

37
Q

What is used to measure damage of muscle tissue

A

Serum CK (creatine kinase)

38
Q

Mitochondrial cytopathies

A

Ragged red fibres
Electron transport chain deficits- cytochrome oxidase negative fibres
Abnormal mitochondrial morphology
Gene defects

39
Q

Dystrophin

A

A large protein encoded by a 2.4million base pair gene on Xp21
Confers stability to the muscle cell membrane

40
Q

Cause of duchenne dystrophy

A

Deletion of dystrophin gene resulting in disruption of the reading frame
No production of dystrophin

41
Q

Dystrophies

A

Genetically determined, destructive and mainly progressive disorders of muscle

42
Q

Neuromuscular transmission

A

Nerve impulse results in the release of ACh from synaptic vesicles
ACh binds to its receptor
Cation entry results in depolarisation - end-plate potential
Action potential travels across the cell membrane and into the T-tubule system
Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum leading to activation of contraction
Dissociated ACh is hydrolysed by acetyl cholinesterase in the NMJ

43
Q

Transmembrane proteins important in stability of sarcolemma

A

5 sarcoglycans
Dystroglycan

44
Q

Role of transmembrane proteins in sarcolemma

A

Links merosin through sarcolemma to dystrophin and then to actin

45
Q

Causes of Becker’s dystrophy

A

In-frame deletion results in a truncated product
Milder phenotype than duchenne dystrophy
Still produce some normal structure and some dystrophin

46
Q

Which neurotransmitter involved in NMJ

A

Acetyl choline

47
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Variable weakness
Progressive with sustained effort
Eye signs- ptosis
Autoimmune disease
Anti-AChR antibodies resulting in a reduction in ACh receptors
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors can improve muscle function

48
Q

What is responsible for myelination of PNS nerves

A

Schwann cells

49
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Lie between adjacent myelin segments
Where depolarisation of membrane occurs

50
Q

Neuronopathies

A

Damage to motor or sensory neurons

51
Q

Axonopathies

A

Damage to acins

52
Q

Demyelination

A

Selective damage to myelin sheaths

53
Q

Axonal degeneration / regeneration – Wallerian degeneration

A

Injury to axon – distal fragmentation
Globules of myelin and axon debris form, initially within Schwann cell
Axonal sprouts form from proximal part of damaged axon and grow along columns of proliferating Schwann cells
Regenerated axons can remyelinate

54
Q

Demyelination results from

A

Injuries primarily to Schwann cell or myelin sheath
Demyelination segmental

Demyelination results in functional impairment with slowing of conduction velocity

55
Q

Remyelination

A

Begins with a thin myelin sheath
Shorter than original
Slower conduction

Neuro (22 decks)

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