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OCR Biology > 4.2 BIODIVERSITY > Flashcards

4.2 BIODIVERSITY Flashcards

1
Q

Define biodiversity

A
  • a measure of variation
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2
Q

State and describe the three types of biodiversity

A

1) Habitat biodiversity (e.g sand dunes, meadows, streams, woodland)
2) Species biodiversity (species richness and species evenness)
3) Genetic biodiversity (e.g different breeds within a species)

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3
Q

State how biodiversity can be measured

A
  • Sampling
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4
Q

State the two types of sampling

A

1) Random sampling
2) Non-random sampling

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5
Q

Describe the process of random sampling

A
  • Sample sites inside the habitat are randomly selected
  • Can be done by random number generator to determine co-ordinates
  • Calculate mean population per sample
  • Multiply value to the size of habitat
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6
Q

State two advantages of random sampling

A

1) Ensures the data is not bias
2) Useful if species are evenly distributed

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7
Q

State two disadvantages of random sampling

A

1) May not cover equal areas of the habitat
2) Species with a low presence may be missed leading to underestimate of biodiversity

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8
Q

State the three types of non-random sampling

A

1) Opportunistic
2) Stratified
3) Systematic

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9
Q

Describe the process of stratified non-random sampling

A
  • Dividing a habitat into areas which appear different and sampling each area separately
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10
Q

Describe the process of systematic non-random sampling

A
  • Samples are taken at fixed intervals across the habitat
  • Using a line/belt transect
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11
Q

Describe the process of opportunistic non-random sampling

A
  • Deliberately sampling areas that contain a specific species
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12
Q

State an advantage of opportunistic non-random sampling

A
  • Easier/quicker than random sampling
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13
Q

State two disadvantages of opportunistic non-random sampling

A
  • Bias data
  • Leads to an overestimate of biodiversity
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14
Q

State an advantage of stratified non-random sampling

A
  • Ensures species are not underrepresented as all different areas of habitat are sampled
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15
Q

State a disadvantage of stratified non-random sampling

A
  • May lead to over-representation if disproportionate number of samples taken in small areas that look different
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16
Q

State an advantage of sytematic non-random sampling

A
  • Shows a clear gradient in the habitat biodiversity based on an environmental factor
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17
Q

State a disadvantage of systematic non-random sampling

A
  • Only species on the line/belt can be sampled so may lead to underestimate of biodiversity
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18
Q

Define sampling

A
  • Measuring small portions of a larger population to make assumptions of the whole population
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19
Q

State the four instruments used to sample animals

A

1) Sweep nets
2) Pooter
3) Pitfall trap
4) Tullgren funnel

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20
Q

State the two instruments used to sample plants

A

1) Quadrat
2) Transect line/belt

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21
Q

Define allele/gene variant

A
  • A version of a gene
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22
Q

Define locus

A
  • The position of a gene on a chromosome
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23
Q

Define polymorphic gene locus

A
  • A locus that has more than two alleles
24
Q

State the formula for proportion of polymorphic gene loci

A
25
Q

State what simpsons index measures

A
  • Measures the species biodiversity of a habitat
26
Q

Define species richness

A
  • A measure of the number of different species found in a habitat
27
Q

Define species evenness

A
  • A measure of how evenly represented a species is/ relative abundance
28
Q

State the five factors affecting biodiversity

A

1) Monoculture
2) Human population growth
3) Climate change
4) Selective breeding
5) Extinction

29
Q

State three effects of human population growth on biodiversity

A

1) Alter ecosystems for food (e.g hunting)
2) Destroy/fragment habitats
3) Pollute the atmosphere

30
Q

Define monoculture

A
  • Agriculture of crops of one strain of one species
31
Q

Pick out the two factors that affect GENETIC biodiversity

A

1) Monoculture
2) Selective breeding

32
Q

Define climate change

A
  • The significant, long-lasting changes in the weather patterns
33
Q

Compare the postive and negative impacts of agriculture/monoculture on

A

✔ Agricultural ecosystems are closely monitored by humans
✘ Pesticides/man made fertilisers may exlude certain organisms (reduced species biodiversity)
✘ Farms selectively breed the more productive crops thus reducing the frequency of alleles (reduced genetic biodiveristy)
✘ Farms may only grow one crop - monoculture (reduced gentic biodiversity)

34
Q

State the three reasons to maintain biodiversity

A

1) Ecological
2) Economical
3) Aesthetic

35
Q

Describe the benefits of biodiversity

A
  • Provides food/medicine/shelter/clothing
  • Enables **nutrient cycling/soil formation
36
Q

Describe the ecological benefits of maintaining biodiversity

A
  • Maintains genetic resource (we can use for genetic engineering)
  • Protects keystone species (as organisms in a habitat are interdependant)
37
Q

Define keystone species

A
  • A species that an entire ecosystem in dependant on
  • The ecological niche of a keystone species is not replaceable

(e.g, a keystone species may be a predator that limits the population of herbivores so that vegitation is not overgrazed)

38
Q

Explain whether higher species biodiversity or low species biodiversity is more stable for a habitat

A
  • High species biodiveristy is more stable because if there is a sudden loss in a species then its predator can still survive by eating another species in the food web
39
Q

Describe the economic benefits of maintaining biodiversity

A
  • Less money spent on fertilisers as reduced soil depletion
  • Biodiveristy provides:
    1) Regulation of atmosphere/climate
    2) Recycling of nutrients
    3) Formation of natural fertilisers in soil
    4) Growth of food and fuel
    5) Used as medicines
40
Q

Define soil depletion

A
  • The loss of soil fertility caused by removed minerals that are not replaced after continuous monocuture
41
Q

Describe the aesthetic benefit of maintaining biodiversity

A
  • Pleasing, creates tourism
  • Protects the landscapes
  • Maintains habitat biodiversity
42
Q

Define conservation in situ

A
  • Conservation of endangered species in their natural habitat
  • Attempts to minimise the human impact on the natural environment
43
Q

State three ways of conservation in situ

A

1) Legislation
2) Wildlife reserves
3) Conservation zones

44
Q

State six feautures wildlife reserves for conservation in situ

A

1) Protected area (from preditors)
2) Controlled grazing
3) Restricted human access
4) Controlled poaching
5) Removal of invasive species
6) Feeding animals

45
Q

Describe the purpose of conservation zones

A
  • Creates areas of refuge so that populations can replenish
46
Q

Describe advantages of conservation in situ

A

1) Perminently protects biodiveristy
2) It facilitates scientific research
3) Maintains the genetic biodiversity and species biodiversity of a habitat

47
Q

Describe disadvantages of conservation in situ

A

1) The conditions that caused endangerment may still be present
2) Fragmentation of habitats may be to small for survival of the endangered species

48
Q

Define conservation ex situ

A
  • Conservation of endangered species outside their natural habitat
  • Attempts to remove and place them in safer areas under human control
49
Q

State three ways of conservation ex situ

A

1) Seed banks
2) Botanic gardens
3) Zoo’s (captive breeding)

50
Q

Describe how seed banks are used for conservation ex situ

A
  • Contain samples of every seed and remain viable (dry/freezing conditions)
51
Q

Describe how zoo’s (captive breeding) are used for conservation ex situ

A
  • By breeding endangered species or freezing their sperm/egg
  • Endangered species live in human controlled environement with food/shelter/no preditors/vets/breeding partners
52
Q

Describe how botanic gardens are used for conservation ex situ

A
  • Seeds are collected from the wild during their dormant stage then are germinated in protected/optimum surroundings
  • They are then re-planted once fully germinated
53
Q

Describe advantages of conservationex situ

A

1) Endangered species are protected from preditation/poaching
2) Habitat fragmentation can protect from natural disasters
3) Conservation sites can be used for education/money
4) Botanic gardens can increase plant numbers very quickly
5) Captive breeding/zoo’s can increase biodiversity

54
Q

Describe disadvantages of conservationex situ

A

1) Captive population in zoo’s have less genetic biodiversity
2) Expensive/difficult to provide the right conditions
3) Issues with re-introduction of captive species (rejection/unexperienced)

55
Q

State the aims of CITES

A

1) No killing of endangered species
2) Illegal to trade products from endangered species
3) Raise awareness of threats to biodiversity

56
Q

State the aims of CBD

A

1) Develop stratergies to conserve biodiversity
2) Use plant/animal products in sustainable ways
3) Provide guidance to governments on how to conserve biodiveristy

57
Q

State the aims of CSS

A

1) Conserve wildlife and biodiversity
2) Promote land management tehniques to land owners

OCR Biology (27 decks)

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