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immunology + pathology > Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

Specific and acquired immunity

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2
Q

What is the adaptive immunity response

A

Occurs within 4-10 days​

The adaptive immune response consists of cell-mediated responses and antibody responses ​

T cells drive cell-mediated immunity, it involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells ​

B cells produce antibodies driving humoral immunity

Each pathogen is “remembered” by a signature T cell and/or B cell receptor = immunological memory

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3
Q

Does adaptive immunity produce memory cells

A

Yes

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4
Q

How long is the adaptive response

A

4-10 days

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5
Q

What arwe the steps in adaptive immunity

A

Infection
Transport of antigen to lymphoid organs
Recognition by naive B and T cells
Clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells
Removal of infectious agent

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6
Q

What receptors are present in adaptive immunity

A

T cell Receptor ​
B cell Receptor ​
Major Histocompatibility Complex

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7
Q

Why are adaptive immune receptors highly variable

A

Genes encoding each allows the development of a repertoire of receptors with wide specificity

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8
Q

What are some pattern recognition receptors

A

Toll like
Dectin
NOD-like

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9
Q

Where are T cells derived from

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

Thymus

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11
Q

Where are T cells found

A

Circulate in the blood and lymph and are found in large numbers in lymphoid organs

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12
Q

What is diversity in the TCR known as

A

T cell repertoire

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13
Q

How is it ensured T cells only respond to foreign antigens

A

Checkpoints are in place

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14
Q

What is the TCR

A

T cell receptor allows recognition of peptides presented by antigen presenting cells

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15
Q

What are the different sub sets of T cells

A

T helper cells (CD4+)
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
Regulatory T cells (Tregs)

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16
Q

What do T cells start as

A

Naive T cells

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17
Q

What are T helper cells

A

Function to help support other immune cells t fight threats
-Can be TH1, TH2, TH17, TFH

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18
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells

A

Destory our own cells which have become infected (usually virus-related)

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19
Q

What are regulatory T cells

A

Regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system

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20
Q

How are T cells differentiated

A

Undergo ‘programming’ to determine which subset to become - driven through the DC-T cell interactions

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21
Q

What does CD8+ bind to

A

MHC 1

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22
Q

What does MHC 2 bing do

A

CD4+

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23
Q

What is the purpose of CD3

A

It is a co-receptor involved in activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

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24
Q

What do most T cell receptors consist of

A

alpha and beta chains

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25
Q

What do 5% of the populations T cells consist of

A

y and delta chains

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26
Q

What are the two regions of the receptors

A

Constant region
Variable region

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27
Q

What gene segments encode the variable region of a T cell receptor

A

V (variable) - alpha and beta chains
D (diversity) -beta chain only
J (joining) -alpha and beta chains

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28
Q

What drives somatic recombination

A

RAG (recombinase enzymes)

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29
Q

How are genes rearranged

A

Somatic recombination

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30
Q

How many combinations are there for V(D)J

A

Approx. 3x10^11

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31
Q

What are pre-thymic T cells

A

Undifferentiated lymphocytes

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32
Q

What do T cells interact with in the thymus

A

Thymic cortical epithelial cells

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33
Q

What is positive selection

A

No recognition = apoptosis

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34
Q

What is negative selection

A

The cells that DO NOT recognise the self antigen are selected
Recognition of self antigen = apoptosis

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35
Q

Which T cells leave the thymus

A

Positively and negatively selected T cells

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36
Q

Where do Pre-thymic T cells undergo education

A

Thymus by positive and negative selection

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37
Q

Are educated cells naive

A

Yes

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38
Q

What are B cell receptors

A

Immunoglobulins e.g. antibodies

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39
Q

How does T cell activation occur

A

Results from antigen presentation by dendritic cells

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40
Q

Where do DCs go when they take up antigens on the skin

A

Lymoh nodes/draining lymphatic vessels

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41
Q

Where do DCs mature

A

En route to lymph nodes after taking up antigens

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42
Q

What co-stimulatory molecules do DCs have

A

CD40, CD80/CD86

43
Q

Where does T cell priming occur

A

In the lymph nodes

44
Q

How many signals does T cell priming involve

A

3

45
Q

What are the three signals involved in T cell priming

A

Signal 1 = activation of T cells
Signal 2 = survival and clonal expansion of T cells – signal 1 but no signal 2 is known as anergy
Signal 3 = differentiation into subsets OR effector function through production of cytokines

46
Q

Does anergy arise from co-stimulation

A

NO only activation

47
Q

What is the function of TH2 cells

A

Main role in supporting humoral responses and allergic reactions

Source of cytokines such as interleukin-4, 5 and 6 (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6) which instruct B cells to produce antibodies

48
Q

What is the function of regulatory T cells

A

Main role is to function in immune suppression

Release inhibitory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-10, [IL-10])

Inhibit T cell and dendritic cell activation

49
Q

Whar is the function of Cytotoxic T cells

A

Activation arises from interactions between MHCI and TCR

Induce host cells to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Produces enzymes such as granzyme/perforin

50
Q

Which signal prevents T cell anergy

A

Signal 2

51
Q

Which cells are cytotoxic and drive cellular lysis

A

CD8+ T cells

52
Q

What form of B cells leave the bone marrow

A

Immature B cells

53
Q

Where do B cells originate

A

Bone marrow

54
Q

Where do naive mature B cells arise

A

Periphery

55
Q

What is the difference between mature and immature B cells

A

immature only expresses IGM receptor while mature cells express IGD also

56
Q

What do B and T cell receptors have in common

A

Both have variable and constant receptors

57
Q

Which receptors have light and heavy chains

A

B cell receptors

58
Q

What is the heavy chain

A

Involves rearrangment of Variable, Diversity and Joining

59
Q

How many segments are there of the J gene

A

5-6

60
Q

What are the light chains

A

involves rearrangment of Variable and Joining genes

61
Q

Where do B cells undergo negative selection

A

Bone marrow

62
Q

What happens toB cells that react with self antigens

A

Retained within bone marrow and egulfed by macrophages to ensure no release into circulation

63
Q

What is negative selection

A

Process of selection in which Bcells which react with self antigens are NOT selected hence negative selection

64
Q

Which antibody produces the most effective immune response

A

IgG

65
Q

What are the different types of immunoglobulins

A

IgG IgE IgM IgD IgA

66
Q

What type of immunoglobulins are B cell receptors

A

IgM and IgD

67
Q

What are the functions of antibodies

A

Neutralization​

Opsonization ​
-Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)​
-Mast cell degranulation​

Initiation of complement

68
Q

How many pathways of complement production are there

A

3 pathways

69
Q

Mature B cells are still antigen naïve,when are they not

A

After the have been activated

70
Q

What are the types of B cell activation

A

Thymus-dependent​

Thymus-independent

71
Q

Where does B cell activation occur

A

Lymph nodes

72
Q

What does activation of naive B cells cause

A

Rise in plasma cells

73
Q

What cells are antibody factories

A

Plasma cells

74
Q

What does a rise in plasma cells lead to

A

Class switching e.g. IgM to IgG

75
Q

What does thymus-dependent B cell activation consist of

A

Requires co-stimulatory molecules (CD40-CD40L) ​

Requires cytokine responses from T helper cells (TH2 cells)​

Leads to differentiation into memory B cells and plasma cells

76
Q

How does class switching occur

A

Gene rearrangement

76
Q

What is the main difference between thymus independent and dependent activation

A

Only generation of differentiation of plasma cells

76
Q

How does Thymus independent B cell activation occur

A

Stimulation through microbial antigens (e.g., LPS)​

Leads to differentiation into plasma cells

No memory cells

77
Q

What class is most often switch

A

IgM as response is weak

78
Q

Do B cellsundergo positive selection

A

no

79
Q

What is the roe of B cells in adaptive immunity

A

Communicate with T cells​

Have a specific B cell receptor for antigens​

B cells produce antibodies ​

Clonal expansion leads to generation of two subsets​
-Plasma cells are great big antibody factories​
-Memory B cells are important to mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections​

B cells are also capable of antigen presentation (to T cells for T cell activation)

80
Q

How do B cells recognise antigens

A

Through B cell receptors which is the actual antibody IgM or IgD

81
Q

How can numerous antigens be fought with only B cells

A

Diversity in BCR (potential to respond to numerous antigens)

82
Q

Where issecretory IgA produced

A

mucosal surfaces

83
Q

Where is secretory IgA found

A

Saliva/GCF

84
Q

What does secretory IgA do

A

Binds to flagella and can prevent motility (microorganisms)
Binds to and neutralizes bacterial toxins (microorganisms)
Prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

85
Q

Which immunoglobulins are monomers

A

IgD IgE IgG

86
Q

What immunoglobulins are dimers

A

IgA

87
Q

What immunoglobulins are pentamers

A

IgM

88
Q

What immunoglobulins have a high affinity

A

IgG, IgD, IgE

89
Q

Which immunoglobulins have a high avidity

A

IgA IgM

90
Q

What is the first antibody produced following B cell activation

A

IgM

91
Q

On first antigen presentation, IgM switches to IgG which also produces memory cells at the time which are then specific to that particular antigen which allows for what

A

Rapid production of IgG on secondary expossure allowing for quicker immune response as no switching has to occur

92
Q

What is central immunological tolerance

A

Active response to a particular antigen in the primary lymphoid organs

93
Q

What can failure in tolerance mechanisms result in

A

Autoimmune diseases

94
Q

What is peripheral tolerance

A

Involves an active response to a particular antigen outside the primary lymphoid organs e.g. lymph nodes

95
Q

What is an example of central tolerance

A

B cell negative selection in the bone marrow

96
Q

What does a breach of tolerance lead to

A

Reactivity against self antigens (autoimmune disease)

97
Q

Where does Class Switching occur

A

mature B cells

98
Q

How does the body prevent autoimmune disease

A

Checkpoint to test central and peripheral tolerance

99
Q

Why can anergic T cells be problematic

A

They can activate self reactive B cells

100
Q

If self reactive T cells survive how can they be activated

A

3 signals result in activation
-2nd results in anergy
-3rd results in cytokine production

101
Q

How can T regulatory cells block activity

A

By binding to antigens

102
Q

What is anergy

A

Absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen

immunology + pathology (11 decks)

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