Neurological system 1

Question 1

What is the nervous system divided into?

Answer 1

CNS- brain, spinal cord, contains upper motor neurons
PNS- nervous tissue outside CNS (spinal and cranial nerves, contains lower motor neurons

Question 2

What are the 3 groups of the nervous system?

Answer 2

1. Sensory- detect stimuli
2. Integrative- processes information and decides what to do
3. Motor- activation of muscle, organs, and glands

Question 3

What is the cerebrum and cerebral cortex?

Answer 3

Cerebrum- seat of intelligence, lets us read/write/speak/creativity (divided into 2 hemispheres)

Cerebral cortex- outer grey layer of cerebrum, contains most motor and sensory neurons

Question 4

What are the 4 cerebral cortex lobes?

Answer 4

Frontal- voluntary movement, personality, emotions, contains Broca’s area (ability to express speech)
Parietal- primary sensation centre
Occipital- visual receptor centre
Temporal- primary auditory centre, contains Wernickes area (ability to understand words/organize them

Question 5

What does crossed representation mean?

Answer 5

Left side of brain communicates with right side. When you do something on one side of your body the other side of your brain is usually behind that process (move right arm, left side of brain).

Question 6

What is basal ganglia and corpus callosum?

Answer 6

BG- dark pockets of neurons that control automatic movement (like arms swinging)

CC- neural fibres that connect hemispheres

Question 7

What is the thalamus and hypothalamus?

Answer 7

T- major relay station, receives sensory stimuli, pain perception, regulate movement
H- regulates hormones, body temperature, pain, appetite, sleep, regulates homeostasis

Question 8

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 8

It blends skilled movement. Posture/balance. Doesn’t start movement but it coordinates it. Sensitive to alcohol.

Question 9

What does the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata do?

Answer 9

Midbrain connects spinal cord to thalamus/hypothalamus. Pons is where ascending/descending tracts gather. MO is vital. It controls HR, RR, vomit, coughing, sneezing.

Question 10

What is the spinal cord?

Answer 10

Main pathway. Has grey matter (site of integration) and white matter (sensory and motor tracts). Has motor (efferent) fibres that go away and sensory (afferent) go towards and enter.

Question 11

What are upper motor neurons?

Answer 11

In the CNS. They influence lower motor neurons and communicate with them.

Question 12

What is PNS divided into?

Answer 12

Somatic NS (voluntary) and autonomic NS (involuntary). ANS is divided into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).

Question 13

What is dermatone?

Answer 13

Skin area that is supplied by a single spinal nerve.

Question 14

What are spinal nerves?

Answer 14

31 of them and they’re numbered r/t where they exit the spinal cord. They are all mixed nerves are sensory and motor. 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

Question 15

What do somatic and autonomic fibres innervate?

Answer 15

S- innervate voluntary (skeletal) muscles
A- innervate involuntary (smooth) muscles

Question 16

What is reflex arch and types of reflexes?

Answer 16

Involuntary movements to protect from harm. Reflexes process is integrated in spinal cord itself and brain isn’t invloved.

Types- deep tendon (triceps, achilles, brachioradialis, quads/patellar) superficial (cuntaous, abdominal, cremasteric, plantar) visceral (autonomic, pupillary)

Primitive reflex we are born with like sucking.

Question 17

Subjective Data for neurological system?

Answer 17

Injuries (concussion?), dizzy/seizures, difficulty speaking/swallowing, tremors/weakness, difficulty with coordination, numbness/tingling, hx of stoke/spinal cord injury, alcoholism, environmental/work hazards.

Question 18

What is screening, complete exam, and recheck exam?

Answer 18

S- person with no neurological history
CE- have more than 1 neurological symptoms
R- patient known to have neurological symptoms and its a recheck

Question 19

True or false- FN, african people have increased rate of hypertension/diabetes

Answer 19

Yes. increased risk of stroke because of that

Question 20

What are modifiable risk factors for stroke and non modifiable?

Answer 20

M- hypertension, diabetes, smoking, oral contraceptives, diet, inactivity, obesity

NM- age, gender, genetics, ethnocultural background

Question 21

What are symptoms of stroke and how can we prevent it?

Answer 21

S- weak/numb in face,arms, legs, sudden confusion/trouble speaking, change in vision, trouble walking/dizzy

Prevention by limit sodium, moderate exercise, maintain healthy weight, smoking cessation, limit alcohol, and manage underlying medical conditions.

Question 22

Developmental consideration for infants and older adults for neurological stuff?

Answer 22

I- reflexes more as age, motor function improves gradually
OA- atrophy, reflexes less brisk, reduced reaction time, risk for falls, get up slowly (decreased cerebal blood flow)

Question 23

What does FAST stand for?

Answer 23

F- face, drooping?
A- arms, can they raise both over their head/any weakness
S- speech difficulty
T- time, call 911 and be fast