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BIOL1046 Human Biology II > Unit 5: The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Unit 5: The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

Protection

A
  • Physical barriers (aganist trauma)
  • Chemical barriers (e.g. acidity that kills microbes)
  • Biological Barriers (e.g. pigments that protect against DNA damage from sun)
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2
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

Prevention of Water Loss and Water Gain

A
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3
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

Metabolic Functions

A
  • Synthesizes vitamin D, which regulates calcium and phosphate absorption
  • Localized chemical reactions (e.g. metabolizing topical anti-inflammatories)
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4
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

Secretion and Absorption

A
  • Excretion of sweat (water, salts, urea)
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5
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

Aborption

A
  • Absorption of certain lipid-soluble materials (transdermal medications, some toxins e.g. lipid soluble solvents - e.g. varsol)
  • Selectivtely permable - blocks many toxins
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6
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

Immune Function

A
  • Epidermal dendritic cells
  • Destory cells that get past the epidemis
  • Attack some cancer cells
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7
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

Body Temperature Regulation

A
  • Vasconstriction - conserves heat
  • Vasodilation - releases heat
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8
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

Cutaneous Sensation

A
  • Sensory receptors detect external stimuli (touch, pressure, temperature, etc.)
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9
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

Blood Reservoir

A
  • Blood reserve in dermal blood vesslels - e.g. shock
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10
Q

Layers of the Integument

Epidermis

A
  • 4 layers (5 in think skin) called strata
  • Top stratum consists of karantinized stratified squamous epithelium
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11
Q

Layers of the Integument

Dermis

A
  • Deeper layer
  • Primarily dense irregular connective tissue
  • Structures present; blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve ending, arrector pili muscles, motile dendritic cells
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12
Q

Layers of the Integument

Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)

A
  • Also know as hypodermis or superficial fascia
  • Deep to dermis
  • Layer of alveolar and adipose connective tissue
  • Not part of integumentary system
  • Functions: Protection, energy storage, and insulation
  • Common drug injection site (extensive vascular network promotes rapid absorption)
  • Thickness/distribution influenced by sex hormones
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13
Q

Epidermis Cell Types

Keratinocytes

A
  • Found in all layers of epidermis
  • Those in stratum basale are large stem cells - divide to regenerate epidermal cells
  • Synthesize keratin - protein that strengthens epidermis
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14
Q

Epidermis Cell Types

Melanocytes

A
  • Found in stratum basale only- scattered among keratinocytes
  • Produce and store pigment (melanin) in response to UV light
  • Melanin shields DNA in nucleus from UV radiation
  • Transfer pigment granules into keratinocytes
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15
Q

Epidermis Cell Types

Tactile Cells (aka Merkel Cells)

A
  • Sensitive to touch
  • Releases chemicals when touched - stimulates sensory nerve endings in dermis
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16
Q

Epidermis Cell Types

Epidermal Dendritic Cells (aka Langerhans cells)

A
  • Initiate immune response
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17
Q

Epidermis Thickness

Thick Skin (Palms and Soles)

A
  • 5 layers
  • sweat glands only - no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
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18
Q

Epidermis Thickness

Thin Skin (everywhere else)

A
  • 4 layers (no stratum lucidum)
  • Sweat glands, hair follices, and sebaceous glands
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19
Q

Epidermal Strata

Stratum Basale

A
  • Single layer of cubodial to low columnar cells
  • Three cell types: Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, and Tactile Cells
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20
Q

Epidermal Strata

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • New cells from stratum basale are pushed into this layer
  • Several layers of polygonal kerationcytes attached by desmosomes
  • Layer also contains epidermal dendritic cells (aka Langerhans cells) - Initiate immune response
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21
Q

Epidermal Strata

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • 3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes
  • Keratinocytes begin keratinization -Keratinocytes fill with keratin, nucleus and organelles to disintegrate, cells are dead
  • Layer also contains epidermal dendritic cells (aka Langerhans cells)
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22
Q

Epidermal Strata

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • Translucent layer, 2 to 3 cell layers thick
  • Found only on thick skin on palms and soles
  • Cells filled with a translucet protein, eleidin
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23
Q

Epidermal Strata

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Superficial stratum composed of 20 to 30 layers of dead, interlocking, anucleate (lacking a nucleus), keratinized cells
  • Dry, thickened surface is protective against abrasion and infection
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24
Q

Epidermis Skin Colour

Hemoglobin

A
  • Oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells
  • Bright red colour upon binding oxygen
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25
Q

Epidermis Skin Colour

Melanin

A
  • Dark pigment produced in melanocytes, transferred to keratinocytes
  • Eumelanin - brown, black shades; pheomelanin - light shades: tan, yellow, red
  • Amount in skin varies (heredity, UV exposure)
  • Albinism: Melanocytes unable to produce melanin
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26
Q

Epidermis Skin Colour

Carotene

A
  • Yellow-orange pigment acquired from some vegetables
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27
Q

Epidermis Skin Markings

Nevus (Mole)

A
  • Localized overgrowth of melanocytes
  • Should be monitored for changes suggesting malignancy (cancer)
28
Q

Epidermis Skin Markings

Freckles

A
  • Yellowish or brown spots
  • Localized areas of increased melanocyte activty
29
Q

Epidermis Skin Markings

Hemangiomas

A
  • Skin discolouration due to benign blood vessel tumor
30
Q

Epidermis Skin Markings

Friction Ridges

A
  • Large folds and valleys of dermis and epidermis
  • Fingerprints
  • Function: Provide resistance (friction) for picking up and holding objects
31
Q

Dermis

Papillary Layer

A
  • Superficial region of dermis, deep to epidermis
  • Named for projections of dermis, dermal papillae
  • Interlcok with epidermal ridges to increase area of contact between layers
32
Q

Dermis

Reticular Layer of Dermis

A
  • Deeper, major portion of dermis
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
33
Q

Dermis

Lines of Clevage and Strech Marks

A
  • Collagen and elastic fibres oriented in parallel bundles at specific locations
  • Bundles function to resist stress during routine movement
  • Orientation indicated by lines of cleavage (tension lines) - Incisions parallel to cleavage lines more likely to heal quickly, Incisions perpendicular to cleavage lines are more likely to open due to cut elastic fibres
  • If skin stretched beyound its capabilities - some collagen fibres torn, results in stretch marks (striae)
34
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Nails

A
  • Scalelike modifications of stratum corneum
  • Function: Protect distal tips of digits, assist in grasping objects
35
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Hair

A
  • Found almost everywhere on the body
  • Keratinized cells form slender filament
  • Grows from hair follicles
36
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Functions of Hair

A
  • Protection (On head, from sunburn and injury, respiratory system and ears - hair traps particles and debris)
  • Heat retention
  • Sensory reception (root hair plexuses detect light touch)
  • Visual identification
37
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Types of Hair: Lanugo

A
  • Fine, unpigmented, downy hair
  • Appears in last trimester of development
38
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Types of Hair: Vellus

A
  • fine hair
  • primary human hair
  • found on upper and lower limbs
39
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Types of Hair: Terminal

A
  • coarser, pigmented, longer
  • on scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes, mens beards
  • during puberty, replaces vellus hair in axillary and pubic regions
40
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Hair and Follicle Structure

A
  • hair bulb: swealling at base where hair originates in dermis, surrounds hair papilla, composed of connective tissue, only region containing living epithelial cells
  • root: zone of hair from bulb to skin surface
  • shaft: portion of hair beyond skin surface
41
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Hair Colour

A
  • synthesis of melanin in matrix adjacent to hair papillae
  • Lightens with age as pigment production decreases
  • Gray hair results from gradual reduction in melanin
  • White hair occurs due to complete stoppage of melanin prodution
42
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Hair Growth and Replacement

A
  • three phases of hair growth cycle
  • hair loss normally 10 to 100 hairs per day
43
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Sweat Glands

A
  • have a coiled, tubular secretory portion
  • discharge secretions by exocytosis
  • contain a sweat gland duct
  • two types: merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine
44
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands

A
  • most numerous and widely districuted
  • sweat gland duct opens into a pore on the surface of skin
  • secrete sweat
  • composed of 99% water and 1% other chemicals (electrolytes, metabolites, and waste products)
  • Major role in thermoregulation
45
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • sweat gland duct opens into hair follicles located in axillae, around nipples, and in pubic and anal region
  • produce vicous cloudy secretions that contain proteins and lipids that produce odour when acted on by bacteria
  • start producing secretions during puberty
46
Q

Structure Derived from the Epidermis

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • produce oily secretion, sebum
  • lubricant for skin and hair
  • bactericidal
  • discharges into a hair follicle
  • secretion stimulated by hormones, expecially male sex hormones
  • activated during puberty
47
Q

Application: Sebaceous Glands

Acne

A
  • plugged sebaceous ducts
  • typically begins during puberty
  • increased activity gland secretions may block pores
  • treatments; benzyol peroxide, salicylic acid, antibiotics, vitamin A - like compounds, systemic rethinoids
  • may lead to scarring if untreated
48
Q

Structures Derived from the Epidermis

Cerumionous Glands

A
  • modified apocrine sweat glands
  • located only in external ear canal
  • secretions of waterproof earwax, cerumen; traps foreign material, lubricates acoustic meatus and eardrum
49
Q

Structures Derived from the Epidermis

Mammary Glands

A
  • modified apocine sweat glands of breast
  • only function in pregnant and lactating females
  • produce breast milk
50
Q

Repair and Regeneration of the Integumentary System

Regeneration

A
  • replacement of damaged or dead cells with same cell type
  • restores organ function
51
Q

Repair and Regeneration of the Integumentary System

Fibrosis

A
  • gap filled with scar tissue
  • collagen produced by fibroblasts
  • functional activites not restored
52
Q

Woud Healing

Stages of Wound Healing

A
  1. cut blood vessels bleed into wound
  2. blood clot forms and leukocytes clean wound
    - clot is a temporary barrier for pathogens
  3. blood vessels re-grow and granulation tissue forms
    - vascular connective tissue initiallt forms in wound
  4. epithelium regenerates and cell regeneration or connective tissue fibrosis occurs
53
Q

Application

Burns are caused by….

A
  • heat, radiation, chemicals, sunlight, electrical shock
  • threat to life from fluid loss, infection, effects on burned tissue
54
Q

Application: Burns

First Degree Burns (superficial)

A
  • involve only epidermis
  • slight redness and pain
  • immerse burned area in cool water
55
Q

Application: Burns

Seond Degree Bruns (partial thickness)

A
  • involve epidermis and part of demis
  • skin blistered and painful
  • slight scarring
56
Q

Application: Burns

Third Degree Burns (full thickness)

A
  • involve epidermis, demis, and subcutaneous layer
  • require hospitalization
  • treatment for dehydration and infection
  • require additional caloric intake
  • severe scarring
  • may need debridement and skin graft
  • burn severity can be measure by rule of nines
57
Q

Application: Burns

Rules of Nines

A
  • used to estimate area of body burned
  • helps indicate severity of injury
58
Q

Application: Burns

Treatment for Burns

A
  • manage fluid loss
  • manage pain
  • remove dead tissue
  • control infection
59
Q

Application: Skin Cancer

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Most common type of skin cancer
  • Least dangerous type, as it seldom metastasizes (i.e., spreads to other locations within the body)
  • Originates in stratum basale
  • First appears as small, pearly white or pink, shiny elevation with small blood vessels running along it; later lesion may enlarge and develop central depression with pearly edge
  • Usually occurs on face
  • Treated by surgical removal of lesion
60
Q

Application: Skin Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
  • Lesions usually appear on scalp, ears, lower lip, or dorsum of hand.
  • Early lesions are raised, reddened, scaly; later lesions form concave ulcers with elevated edges.
  • Treated by surgical removal of lesion
  • May metastasize to other parts of the body
61
Q

Application: Skin Cancer

Malignant Melanoma

A
  • Most deadly type of skin cancer due to aggressive growth and metastasis
  • Arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole
  • Individuals at increased risk include those who have had severe sunburns, especially as children.
  • Characterized by change in mole diameter, colour, shape of border, and symmetry
  • Survival rate improved by early detection and surgical removal of lesion
  • Advanced cases (metastasis of disease) are difficult to cure and are treated with chemotherapy, interferon therapy, and radiation therapy.
  • The usual signs of melanoma may be easily remembered using the ABCDE rule. Report any of the following changes in a birthmark or mole to your physician:
  • A = Asymmetry: One-half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other.
  • B = Border: Edges are notched, irregular, blurred, or ragged.
  • C = colour: colour is not uniform; differing shades (usually brown or black and sometimes patches of white, blue, or red) may be seen.
  • D = Diameter: Affected area is larger than 6 mm (about 1/4 inch) or is growing larger.
  • E = Evolving: Change in the size, shape, or colour of a mole or a change in symptoms, such as how a mole feels (how itchy or tender it feels) or what happens on the surface of a mole (especially bleeding)
62
Q

Development and Aging of the Integumentary System

Development

A
  • development begins around week 7 of fetal development
  • ectoderm forms a layer of squamous epithelium that eventually becomes epidermis of the skin
  • by week 38; epithelial layer aloughs off, mixes with sebum to produce coating on fetus skin, vernix caseosa
63
Q

Development and Aging of the Integumentary System

Skin Changes with Aging

A
  • reduced number and activity of stem cells (skin repair porcesses slows, skin thins and is less likely to protect form trauma)
  • fewer collagen fibres
  • elastic fibers lose elasticity
  • crease lines for (wrinkles)
  • immune response decreased due to fewer dendritic cells
  • hair follicles produce thinner hair or none at all
64
Q

Development and Aging of the Integumentary System

Smoking and Chronic Overexposure to UV Radiation

A
  • damage DNA in epidermal cells
  • accelerates aging
  • predominant factor in promotion of skin cancer
65
Q

Development and Aging of the Integumentary System

Skin Cancer

A
  • most common type of cancer
  • typically on head and neck
  • fair-skinned individuals at highest risk

BIOL1046 Human Biology II (14 decks)

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