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Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

Provisional assertion or supposition used as basis for reasoning or experiment

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2
Q

Homology

A

similarity (genetic or phenotypic) because of descent from a common ancestor

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3
Q

Homoplasty

A

similarity due to convergent evolution

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4
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

when two different species develop similar traits because they live in similar environments

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5
Q

Fitness

A

The relative ability of an organism to survive and transmit its genes to the gene pool of the next generation

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6
Q

Adaptation

A

useful feature shaped by natural selection promoting survival and reproduction

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7
Q

Niche

A

the role an organism plays in a community

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8
Q

Sympatric

A

species eat more similar foods in the wet season (preferred food overlap) and have more different diets in the dry season (fallback food separation)

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9
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

geographical isolation between two or more populations leads them to diverge and form new species

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10
Q

Directional Selection

A

a mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction

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11
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

a form of natural selection wherein individuals with moderate or average phenotypes are more fit

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12
Q

Sexual Selection

A

evolutionary change that occurs because of variation in (often male) ability to acquire mates

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13
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (1)

A

Struggle for existence; intense competition

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14
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (2)

A

Individuals within a population vary

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15
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (3)

A

This variation can be inherited, passed from parent to offspring

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16
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (4)

A

Due to the variation in traits, some individuals are better able to survive and reproduce than others (differential reproductive success) and are therefore naturally selected

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17
Q

Mendelian Genetics

A

certain patterns of how traits are passed from parent to offspring

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18
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell

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19
Q

Genes

A

a basic physical and functional unit of heredity

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20
Q

DNA

A

a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual

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21
Q

Allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome or a variation of a gene

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22
Q

Homozygous

A

having two of the same alleles
(Homozygous dominant FF)
(Homozygous recessive ff)

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23
Q

Heterozygous

A

having one recessive and one dominant allele

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24
Q

Punnett Square

A

shows the frequencies of all possible combinations

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25
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

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26
Q

Phenotype

A

a set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from interactions of its genotype with the environment

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27
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

Only one of the two gene copies present in an organism is distributed to each gamete (egg or sperm) that it makes, and the allocation of the gene copies is random

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28
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

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29
Q

Gamete

A

a cell whose nucleus unites with that of another cell to form a new organism (the egg/sperm)

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30
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells

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31
Q

Mitosis

A

a process where a single parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells

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32
Q

Crossing-over

A

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis)

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33
Q

Locus

A

a term that we use to tell us where on a chromosome a specific gene is

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34
Q

Protein

A

a molecule made up of amino acids

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35
Q

Amino Acid

A

molecules that combine to form proteins

36
Q

Codon

A

a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genomic information

37
Q

Exon

A

a region of the genome that ends up within an mRNA molecule

38
Q

Intron

A

any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product

39
Q

Molecular Clock

A

pieces of DNA that mutate at a known rate

40
Q

Hardy Weinberg Law

A

a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors

41
Q

What factors cause evolutionary change?

A
  1. Natural Selection
  2. Mutation
  3. Migration – Gene flow
  4. Genetic drift (founder effect)
  5. Non-random (assortative) mating
42
Q

Modern synthesis

A

the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel’s ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework

43
Q

Microevolution

A

evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period

44
Q

Macroevolution

A

major evolutionary change. The term applies mainly to the evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods

45
Q

Biological species concept

A

a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring

46
Q

Ecological species concept

A

a concept of species in which a species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources called a niche, in the environment

47
Q

Cladogram

A

a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between several species

48
Q

Phylogeny

A

the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms

49
Q

Ancestral traits

A

traits inherited from the common ancestor of two different clades

50
Q

Derived traits

A

traits that just appear by mutation in the most recent ancestor

51
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

an ancestral character state shared by two or more lineages in a particular clade

52
Q

Synapomorphy

A

a character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestral form

53
Q

Monophyletic group

A

a group of organisms that share a common ancestor

54
Q

DNA hybridization

A

the process in which two complementary single-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules bond together to form a double-stranded molecule

55
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

the diversification of a group of organisms into form filling different ecological niches

56
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

twins conceived from one egg and one sperm

57
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

twins conceived with two separate eggs and two separate sperm

58
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of phenotypic variation due to the effects of genes

59
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version alone

60
Q

Heterosis

A

improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring

61
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

a severe heredity form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels (common in those of African descent)

62
Q

lactose intolerance

A

when the human body can’t break down or digest lactose because your body does not produce enough a digestive enzyme called lactase

63
Q

genetic diversity

A

the biological variation that occurs within species

64
Q

skin color – melanin, UV radiation, vitamin D

A

Skin color - influenced by hemoglobin, carotene, and melanin
Melanin - produced by melanocytes
UV - necessary for body to manufacture vitamin D
Vitamin D - important bone growth and important during pregnancy and lactation

65
Q

Lactose

A

a sugar found in mammalian milk

66
Q

comparative method

A

seeks correlated patterns of evolution of morphology, life history, behavior, and ecology to explain adaptation.

67
Q

Primate characteristics (1)

A

Orbits encircled by bone

68
Q

Primate Characteristics (2)

A

Nails instead of claws

69
Q

Primate Characteristics (3)

A

Grasping hand with an opposable thumb

70
Q

Primate Characteristics (4)

A

Reliance on vision (stereoscopic)

71
Q

Primate Characteristics (5)

A

Less reliance on olfaction

72
Q

Primate Characteristics (6)

A

Relatively large brains

73
Q

Primate Characteristics (7)

A

Extended ontogeny

74
Q

Primate Characteristics (8)

A

Altricial

75
Q

Primate Characteristics (9)

A

Single births (often)

76
Q

Hypothesis on Primate Origins

A

Arboreal Hypothesis

77
Q

Prosimian

A

A group of primates that includes all living and extinct strepsirrhines

78
Q

Anthropoid

A

A group of primates that include all living and extinct haplorrhines

79
Q

Strepsirhine

A

Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers

80
Q

Haplorrhine

A

Old World Monkeys, Apes, New World Monkeys

81
Q

Platyrrhine

A

New World Monkeys

82
Q

Catarrhine

A

Old World Monkeys

83
Q

Platyrrhine – prehensile tails

A

Arboreal, none terrestrial

84
Q

colobus

A

Black and white old-world monkeys

85
Q

Cercopithcines

A

sub-family of old-world monkeys

86
Q

Hominoids

A

Apes

87
Q

Dental formula

A

Human/Apes/OW Monkeys - 2123

Anthropology (5 decks)

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