Transport

Question 1

name parts of dicot root?

from outermost to innermost?

Answer 1

1. root hair
2. epidermis
3. cortex
4. endodermis
5. pericycle
6. parenchyma cells
7. pith
8. vascular bundles

Question 2

Outside the conducting tissues, there
is a narrow layer of _______ cells, the _________.
cortex consists of ______ cells which are ________.
root hairs are extension of ________.
water vapors escape out of ______ through stomata.
how water enters root hair cells?
why water should go to xylem? how?

Answer 2

pericycle
thin-walled
parenchyma
large & thin-walled cells
epidermal cells
mesophyll cell walls
The cytoplasm of root hairs has higher concentration of salts than soil water, so water moves by osmosis into root hairs.
to be transported
water travels through intercellular spaces or through cells (via channels, called plasmodesmata) by osmosis & reach xylem
tissue. Once in xylem, water is carried to all the aerial parts of plant.

Question 3

how mineral salts are transported to xylem?
what would happen if there aren’t minerals in soil?
Xylem is a ______from ____to____. Phloem is _______for _________.

Answer 3

most mineral salts pass through by simple diffusion into the root hair & then through the cortex Into the xylem vessels.
the absorption of mineral salts by the root hair is carried out by active transport.
one way
roots to leaves for water and salts
a two way street for food.

Question 4

what is transpiration?
where does water come from in transpiration? explain the process?

Answer 4

the process in which water is lost as water vapor from the aerial parts of the plants through stomata or lenticles.
Water is drawn from xylem into mesophyll cells, from where it comes out and makes a water-film on the cell walls of mesophyll.

special openings called lenticels present in the stems of some plants.

Question 5

link transpiration to surface area?
how & where does water become water vapor in transpiration?

Answer 5

the S.A of mesophyll cells of leaf provide large surface area for the evaporation of water.
* Once water molecules reach the surface of the leaf, they have enough energy to break free from the liquid phase & enter the gas phase, becoming water vapor. This process is called evaporation.
* Water vapours then diffuse from air spaces towards stomata & then pass to outside air.

Transpiration is water evaporation through leaves.

Question 6

what is stomata?
explain the structure?
where is it present?
what is guard cell?
the inner wall of each guard cell is ________
the outer wall is _______.
the guard cell is surrounded by ___________

Answer 6

tiny pores on the leaf surface
each stoma is surrounded by 2 guard cells
thick & elastic
much thinner
epidermal cells

Question 7

explain starch sugar hypothesis?

Answer 7

pg 132

Question 8

explain the influx of K hypothesis?
what causes the water to stay in cell?
why does water flow back?

Answer 8

light causes the movement of K ions from epidermal cells into guard cells. Water follows these ions & enters guard cells. Thus their turgidity increases and stoma opens.
As the day progresses,**guard cells make glucose i.e. become hypertonic. So water stays in them. **
At the end of the day, K ions flow back from guard cells to epidermal cells & the concentration of glucose also falls. Due to it, water moves to epidermal cells & guard cells loose turgor. It causes the closure of stoma.

Question 9

why is transpiration called necessary evil?
significance of transpiration?

Answer 9

leads to excessive loss of water sometimes causing the wilting of leaves. drying up or death.
1. transport of water & minerals to the aerial parts of the plant.
2. helps in the conduction of water & minerals to different parts of the plants.
3. evaporation of water has cooling effect on plant.

Question 10

how transpiration results in wilting?

Answer 10

• during hot sunny days transpiration speeds up & causes cells to lose their water content & become flaccid.
• The flaccid cells give no support to the plant & wilting occurs so that the leaves flowers & other non-woody tissues droop.
• The gurad cells become flaccid due to wilting, stomata close & the rate of transpiration is reduced.
• The rate of photosynthesis also reduces because entry CO2 in leaf stops due to closing of stomata

Question 11

The rate of transpiration
________ with every rise of 10 °C.
40-45 °C causes ________.

Answer 11

doubles
closure of stomata

Question 12

what affects the rate of transpiration?
In _______ air, the rate of the _______ of water vapours is reduced & the rate of transpiration is _______.
More S.A of leaf provides more stomata and there is _____ transpiration .

Answer 12

• Higher temperature reduces the humidity of surrounding air & also increases the kinetic energy of water molecules.
• When air is dry, water vapours diffuse more quickly from the surface of mesophyll cells into leaf air spaces & then from air spaces to outside. This increases the rate of transpiration.
• Wind carries away the evaporated water from leaves as soon as it diffuses out & it causes an increase in rate of evaporation.
  humid diffusion low
  more

Wind (air in motion)

4

Question 13

what object, what is the force called, how & what does water get transported?

Answer 13

xylem vessel
transpiration pull
As transpiration occurs, evaporation of water lowersthe concentration of water, creating tension. The tension created by transpiration “pulls” water in the xylem. by TACT mechanism
water & DISSOLVED MINERAL SALTS

Question 14

define transpiration pull?
how is it formed in first place?

Answer 14

When a leaf transpires (loses water), the water concentration of its mesophyll cells drops. This drop causes water to move by osmosis from the xylem of leaf into mesophyll cells. When one water molecule moves up in the xylem of the leaf, it creates a pulling force that continues all the way to root.
This pulling force created by the transpiration of water is called transpirational pull. It also causes water to move transversely.

reasons for creation of transpirational pull.
1. Water is held in a tube (xylem) that has small diameter.
2. Water molecules adhere to the walls of xylem tube (adhesion).
3. Water molecules cohere to each other
(cohesion)

(from root epidermis to cortex and pericycle)

Question 15

how does food get transported in plants?
sugar source & sink consists of? examples?

Answer 15

translocation & that is done by pressure flow mechanism which is a widely accepeted hypothesis.
source part of the plant where sugars are produced how is it produced?

sink part of the plant where sugars are used or stored, area of active metabolism. tubers, seeds, roots, developing fruits & leaves.

by photo. or breakdown of stored starch

Question 16

explain transport of food in plant?

Answer 16

At source, food (sugars) is moved by active transport into the sieve tubes of phloem. Due to which their solute concentration increases & water enters them from xylem (via osmosis). This results in higher pressure of water in these tubes, which drives the solution of food towards sink.
At the sink end, food is unloaded by active transport. Water also exits from the sieve tubes. The exit of water decreases pressure in sieve tubes, which causes a mass flow from the higher pressure at the source to the now lowered pressure at the sink.

Question 17

what is the actual force behind the movement of food in phloem?
The average
adult body has about ______ of blood.
what is the percentage composition of blood?
how does blood transport when it is just a fluid?

Answer 17

Drop in the pressure at the sink end.
5 litres
plasma = 55% by volume of blood
cells or cell-like bodies = 45% by volume of the blood. RBC = 44% WBC platelets = 1%
almost all the substances to be transported are present either dissolved or suspended in blood.

Question 18

define plasma? components?

Answer 18

Plasma is primarily water in which proteins, salts, metabolites and wastes are dissolved. Water constitutes about 90-92% of plasma & 8-10% are dissolved substances.
Proteins make 7-9 % by weight of plasma.
pg 135
dissolved substances include proteins, mineral ions/salts, metabolites, waste, hormones & dissolved gases

in 10 % of dissolved substances proteins take up 7 to 9% of it.

Question 19

what are RBCs also called function
define the structure of a single RBC?
how are RBCs formed in fetus & adults?
what is the average lifespan of RBC?
where does it break down? how?

Answer 19

erythrocytes
circular flattened biconcave disk & has no nucleus it has iron containing pigment hemoglobin in cytoplasm which gives red colour to the blood
RBCs are formed in bone marrow after birth
In embryonic & foetal life, they are formed in liver & spleen
Average life span of RBC is about 4 months (120 days) after which it breaks down in liver & spleen by phagocytosis.

foetal life= begins around the ninth week & lasts until birth

Question 20

what are WBCs also called?
define the structure of a single WBC?
why are WBCS colourless?
types of WBC?
what is the average lifespan of WBC?

Answer 20

leukocytes
each WBC is irregular in shape & contains a nucleus
because they do not contain pigments.
2 granulocytes agranulocytes

Question 21

briefly describe granular leukocytes?

Answer 21

Granulocytes:
* their nucleus is variable in shape
* cytoplasm contains fine granules
* these cells originate in bone marrow
* 3 types neutrophils basophils eosinophils
neutrophils (destroy small particles by phagocytosis)
eosinophils (break inflammatory substances & kill parasites)
basophils (release histamine in injured issues & in allergic response).

break inflammatory substance= reduces inflammation

Question 22

briefly describe agranular leukocytes?

Answer 22

Agranulocytes:
* the cytoplasm is clear
* 2 types
monocytes: phagocytic & ingest bacteria & dead cells at the damaged tissue region
lymphocytes: 2 types
B Lymphocytes protect us by producing antibodies.
T Lymphocytes directly destroys any cell that can be harmful eg virus, infected cell & cancerous cell

Question 23

how are platelets formed? what are they called?
why are they called cell fragments & not cells?
function?
which blood group has no antibodies?
Which blood cells are the most numerous in healthy human body?

Answer 23

Thrombocytes
from the fragmentation of megakaryocytes, which are large bone marrow cells.
because they are not true cells with a nucleus & organelles like most other cells. Instead, they are small, irregularly shaped structures.
play important role in blood clotting
AB group
RBC

Question 24

what is a blood system? based on?
what are antigens?
what are antibodies?
A type blood carry _______ antibody
B type blood carry _______ antibody
AB type blood carry _______ antibody
O type blood carry _____ antibody

Answer 24

a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBC.
a molecule that can stimulate an immune response or promote the formation of antibodies.
a protein that has been formed in response to antigen
anti B
anti A
none- have both A & B antigens
anti A & anti B - no A & B antigens

Question 25

a person with blood group ____ is known as universal donor.
the person with blood group _____ is known universal recipient.
what happens if a person with type A gives blood to a person with type B?
Rh-negative blood group can be transfused to Rh-negative because ___________________.
Rh-positive blood group can be transfused to
Rh-positive recipient because _____________

Answer 25

O
AB
clumping of blood due to presence of anti A antibodies in the blood group B & the recipient will probably
**donor’s blood doesn’t have Rh-antigen & so recipient’s blood won’t produce anti-Rh antibody. **
recipient’s blood already has Rh-antigens and it will not produce anti-Rh antibody

Question 26

If an Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood, he will _____________.
Rh negative blood can be transfused to Rh-positive recipient, only if______________.
antigens are present in _________.
antibodies are present in _______ produced by _____
normally no one has _____ antibody in _______.

Answer 26

• produce anti-Rh antibodies against Rh-factors.
• donor’s blood (Rh-negative) has never been exposed to Rh-antigens & doesn’t contain any anti-Rh antibody.
• on membranes of RBCs
• plasma WBCs agranular B lymphocytes
• anti Rh plasma

Question 27

leukaemia is a disorder of ________.
symptoms of leukaemia?
cause of leukaemia? are there types?
treatment of leukaemia?

Answer 27

blood
fatigue, weight loss, repeated infection, anaemia, nose bleeding, bone pain.
caused by a cancerous mutation (change in gene) in bone marrow or lymph tissue cells. The mutation results in uncontrolled production of defective WBCs (leukocytes).
chemotherapy effective.
can be cured by bone marrow transplant.
effective but expensive

no

It is a very serious disorder & patient need to change blood regularly with normal blood, got from donors.

Question 28

thalassemia is a disorder of ________.
symptoms of thalassemia?
cause of thalassemia? are there types?
treatment of thalassemia?

Answer 28

inherited blood disorder
severe anaemia, fatigue, bleeding gums, larger spleen
transmitted genetically due to recessive gene. production of defective haemoglobin & the patient can’t transport O properly yes
thalassemia minor: single recessive gene present
thalassemia major: 2 recessive gene present. severe disease
blood transfusion & bone marrow transplant

Question 29

The bulk of the walls of heart chambers is made of __________.
what is the major portion of the heart?
left ventricle is the _________ & strongest _____________ in the heart.
pumping of blood starts from?
from where it recieves blood?
how does the ___________ blood flow into right ventricle?

Answer 29

cardiac muscles
myocardium
largest, chamber
right atrium receiving deoxygenated blood
superior (head, arms & neck) & inferior vena cava (lower parts)
deoxygenated A muscle contraction (right atrium contracts) forces the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

atrioventricular valve

Question 30

The opening between right atrium & right ventricle is guarded by ________________.
___________ prevents the backflow of blood from right ventricle to right atrium.
what causes the closure of tricuspid valve?
the blood leaves right ventricle through?
pulmonary trunk divides into?
return of blood into the right ventricle is prevented by?
what is the body’s largest artery? function?

Answer 30

a valve known as tricuspid valve
tricuspid valve
contraction of right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
2 pulmonary arteries one to each lung
semilunar valves in the pulmonary trunk
The aorta
carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body except lungs.

Question 31

These valves allow blood to be pumped forward into the arteries, but prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.
The oxygenated blood from lungs is brought by _______ to __________.
when left atrium contracts, _____________.
when left ventricle contracts, ____________.
semilunar valves are present in?

Answer 31

semilunar valves
pulmonary veins, left atrium
the blood enters the left ventricle through bicuspid valve
the blood leaves by large artery the aorta.
at the base of pulmonary trunk & aorta

remember right & left pulmonary arteries: gives deoxygenated blood to lung
remember right & left pulmonary veins: brings back oxygenated blood from lungs

Question 32

why is the heart called double pump?
what is pulmonary circulation? systemic circulation?

Answer 32

It receives deoxygenated blood from body & pumps it to lungs. At the same time, it receives oxygenated blood from lungs & pumps it to all body.
The pathway on which deoxygenated blood is carried from heart to lungs and in return oxygenated blood is carried from lungs to heart is pulmonary circulation.
the pathway on which oxygenated blood is carried from heart to body tissues and in return deoxygenated blood is carried from body tissues to heart is called systemic circulation.

heart to lungs lungs to heart
heart to body body to heart

Question 33

name the steps of cardiac cycle? what is systole & diastole?
the period of __________ is called systole & the period of ________ is called diastole

Answer 33

Atria and ventricles relax & blood is filled in atria. This period is called cardiac diastole. (0.4)
Immediately after their filling, both atria contract & pump blood towards ventricles. This period in cardiac cycle is called atrial systole. (0.1)
Now, both ventricles contract & pump blood towards body & lungs. The period of ventricular contraction is called ventricular systole. (0.3)

the period of contraction is called systole & the period of relaxation is called diastole
cardiac cycle = heartbeat

Question 34

The _________ of heart chambers fills them with blood & ___________ of chambers propels blood out of them.
what is cardiac cycle?When ________ contract, tricuspid & bicuspid valves close and “lubb” sound is produced.
Similarly when ___________ relax, the semilunar valves close and “dubb” sound is produced.
what is thrombocyte?

Answer 34

relaxation, contraction
The alternating relaxations & contractions make up the cardiac cycle & one complete cardiac cycle makes one heartbeat.
ventricles
ventricles
platelets

Question 35

what is heart rate? normal heart rate in men & women?
what is pulse?
rate of heart beat is indicated by ___________.

Answer 35

• Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute.
• At rest or during normal activities, the normal heart rate is 70 times per minute in men and 75 times per minute in women.
• Pulse is the rhythmic expansion & contraction of an artery as blood is forced through it by the regular contractions of heart.
  pulse rate

Inside your arteries, there’s blood flowing. This blood is being pushed along by the pumping action of your heart. When your heart squeezes, it pushes blood into the arteries, causing them to bulge out a bit.

The heartrate fluctuates a lot depending on factors such as activity level & stress level.

Question 36

define arteries?
In adults, all arteries with the exception of the ______________, carry ________ blood.
When arteries enter body organs, they divide into smaller vessels known as _. enter tissues & divide into ________.
structure?
The exchange of materials between blood and tissue fluid is carried out through _________.

Answer 36

• the blood vessels that carry blood away from heart.
• pulmonary arteries oxygenated
• arterioles Arterioles capillaries
• The walls of an artery are composed of 3 layers.
• The outermost layer is made of connective tissue.
• The middle one is made up of smooth muscles & elastic tissue
• while the innermost layer is made up of endothelial cells.
• The hollow internal cavity in which blood flows is called lumen.
• capillaries

Question 37

define capillaries? function? how does that happen?
structure?
why layer of capillaries are so thin?
The hollow internal cavity in which blood flows is called ________.

Answer 37

formed by the divisions of arterioles
exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.
by diffusion
The walls of capillaries are composed of only a single layer of cells i.e. endothelium. This layer is so thin that molecules of the digested food, oxygen and water etc. can pass through them & enter tissue fluid. for easy diffusion
Waste products such as CO2 & urea can diffuse from tissue fluid into blood.
lumen

Question 38

define veins?
In adults, all veins with the exception
of pulmonary veins, carry_________ blood.
structure?
The lumen of the veins is _______ than that of arteries.
Most veins have valves that prevent the _________.

Answer 38

a blood vessel that carries blood towards heart.
deoxygenated
broader
backflow of blood
3 layers inner layer are thin & almost inelastic.
the middle layer of vein has less smooth muscles & elastic tissue as compared to artery. So the middle layer of vein is comparatively thin.
The outermost layer is made of connective tissue.

Question 39

comparison of arteries, veins & capillaries.

Answer 39

pg 140

Question 40

define tissue fluid?
where is it formed?
____________ cannot pass through capillary walls.
in which blood vessel valve is present?

Answer 40

in tissue some fluid oozes out of the capillaries & fills the intercellular spaces. This colourless fluid is called tissue fluid.
small gaps are present in the walls of the capillaries which allow the movement of small molecules & ions.
blood cells & plasma proteins.
veins

Question 41

name the major arteries?

Answer 41

1. coronary: supply blood to the heart itself
2. carotid: to head & neck
3. subclavian: to shoulders & arms
4. dorsal aorta: aorta curls backwards & continue downwards as dorsal aorta.

Question 42

dorsal aorta?

Answer 42

from dorsal aorta following arteries are given off
1. heptaic: supply blood to liver
2. mesenteric: to intestine
3. renal: to each kidney
4. common iliac arteries: to each leg. this artery divides into femoral artery

Question 43

name major veins?
how superior & inferior vena cava is formed?

Answer 43

jugular veins
subclavian
superior vena cava
common iliac veins & femoral veins
renal veins
hepatic veins
inferior vena cava

Question 44

which blood vessel supplies blood to intestine?
which blood vessel brings back blood from digestive system?
which blood vessel supplies blood to neck?
_______ unit to form inferior vena cava which opens into the ___________.
_______ unit to form superior vena cava which opens into the ___________.

Answer 44

mesenteric arteries
hepatic veins (liver)
carotid arteries
iliac, renal, hepatic veins right atrium
jugular & subclavian veins right atrium

Question 45

hepatic portal vein?

Answer 45

• All veins coming from digestive system unite to form hepatic portal vein, which carries blood to liver.
• In liver, it breaks up into many capillaries.
• The capillaries join to form hepatic vein which carries blood & empties into inferior vena cava.

Question 46

athersclerosis?
what is the prime contributor to athersclerosis?
what would happen if this condition is severe?

Answer 46

Atherosclerosis is commonly referred to as a “narrowing” of arteries.
It is a chronic disease in which there is accumulation of fatty materials, cholesterol, or fibrin in arteries. When this condition is severe, arteries can no longer expand & contract properly & blood moves through them with difficulty.
Accumulation of cholesterol is the prime contributor to atherosclerosis. It results in the formation of multiple deposits called plaques within arteries. Plaques can form blood clots called thrombus within arteries. If a thrombus dislodges & becomes free floating, it is called an embolus.

Question 47

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION is the disorder of? causes? what does infarction? symptoms? treatment

Answer 47

angioplasty= mechanical widening of a narrowed or totally blocked blood vessel

Severe chest pain is the most common symptom of myocardial infarction & may be in the form of sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing.
Pain radiates most often to left arm, but may also radiate to lower jaw, neck, right arm and back.
Loss of consciousness & even sudden death can occur in myocardial infarction.

Question 48

coronary bypass surgery?

Answer 48

surgery in which blood vessels from elsewhere in the patient’s body are grafted to the coronary arteries to improve blood supply to heart muscles.