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Upper extremity- face, ears, throat, abdomen, lumbar/thoracic spine > Pathologies of thorax and abdomen and anatomy > Flashcards

Pathologies of thorax and abdomen and anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does the thorax do

A

it protects vital internal organs (heart & lungs)

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2
Q

What are the 3 categories of the ribs

A
  • true ribs (ribs 1-7) “sternal ribs”
  • false ribs (8-10) (indirectly attach to the sternum)
  • floating ribs (11-12)
  • coastal cartilage (lacks Blood flow and risk of injury due to age)
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3
Q

what are the 3 anatomical structures that make up the sternum

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process (avoid when doing CPR)
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4
Q

What is the function of the ribs

A
  • provides attachment for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back
  • elasticity of false/floating ribs allows rib cage movement for respiratory activity
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5
Q

What happens in Inspiration

A

external intercostals contract > diaphragm contracts > expansion of ribs moves sternum upward & outward

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6
Q

What happens in expiration

A

external intercostals relax > internal intercostals & abdominal contracts for active expiration > diaphragm relaxes > ribs & sternum depress

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7
Q

Rib Fx etiology

A
  • direct blow = Fx @ point of contact
  • Indirect trauma = general compression of ribs
  • violent muscle contraction
  • coughing/ laughing
  • overuse= stress fx
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8
Q

Rib Fx s/s & care

A

s/s: TTP, pain on inhalation, pain on A/P and lateral compression
Care:
- referral
- swathe, arm @ side- compression/reduce movement
- Px: 3-4wks
- sequelae: hemothorax/pneumothorax

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9
Q

Costochondral Fx/ separation etiology

A

as in Rib Fx- blunt trauma, compression injury

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10
Q

Costochondral Fx/ separation pathology

A

rib cartilage disrupted/ displaced

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11
Q

Costochondral Fx/ separation s/s

A
  • deformity @ rib/cartilage junction
  • pain on inspiration & thoracic movement
    -crepitus
    Px: out for 4-8wks
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12
Q

Pneumothorax “collapsed lung” types

A

traumatic, spontaneous, and tension

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13
Q

Pneumothorax etiology for traumatic

A

puncture to chest wall, sucking wound or rupture of lung tissue

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14
Q

Pneumothorax etiology for spontaneous

A

idiopathic in tall, thin young men (Marfan syndrome)
- secondary spontaneous= result of disease: cancer, congestive heart failure, emphysema

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15
Q

Pneumothorax etiology for tension

A

Pleural cavity fills with air with each inhalation

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16
Q

Pneumothorax “collapsed lung” pathology

A

lung collapses, mediastinum shifts away

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17
Q

Pneumothorax “collapsed lung” s/s

A

-sudden onset of sharp chest pain, especially with inhalation, (shortness of breath), anoxia, absent or lessened breath sounds

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18
Q

Pneumothorax “collapsed lung” care

A
  • Xray to diagnose
    -simple: oxygen supplementation or chest tube
  • tension: pneumothorax treated emergently w/inserting bore needle into space at the midclavicular line, allowing trapped air to escape
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19
Q

Spontaneous (tension)

A

-Divers susceptible
- negative pressure is compromised as diver holds breath and ascends
- lung compression, limiting blood flow back to heart= tension pneumothorax
s/s: sharp pain on affected side, cyanosis, rapid, shallow breathing

20
Q

Hemothorax “punctured lung”

A
  • blood in pleural cavity
    s/s: pain, dyspnea, coughing up frothy blood (sputum), low BP, shock
20
Q

Abdominal quadrants

A

UR quadrant: liver, pancreas, kidneys, lung
UL quadrant: heart, spleen, kidneys, stomach, lung
LR quadrant: appendix, ureter, bladder, colon, gonads
LL quadrant: ureter, bladder, colon, gonads

21
Q

Ruptured spleen function

A

-largest lymphatic organ, filters damaged blood cells and platelets, destroys bacteria
- protrudes below ribs and can become exposed

22
Q

Ruptured spleen etiology

A

severe abdominal blow or physical activity during systemic infection “fall on a ball”

23
Q

Ruptured spleen s/s

A

abdominal rigidity, nausea, vomiting, Kehr’s sign, shock

24
Q

Ruptured spleen care

A
  • Refer to E.D.
  • tx for shock (lay flat or with elevated torso)
25
Q

Ruptured spleen prevention

A

no Px or competition with mono
- 4-6 weeks no Px, MD will order ultrasound

26
Q

Kidney contusion etiology

A

severe blow to mid back (T12-L3)

27
Q

Kidney contusion s/s

A

back rigidity, nausea, vomiting, shock, hematuria

28
Q

Kidney TX

A

immediate referral to E.D. if suspected rupture

29
Q

Solar plexus (Celiac) injury “wind knocked out” etiology

A

blow to or falling onto abdomen

30
Q

Solar plexus (Celiac) injury pathology

A

spasm of diaphragm, hypoxia/apnea

31
Q

Solar plexus (Celiac) injury s/s

A

startled appearance, shock, loud gasping. referred pain to abdomen and chest

32
Q

Solar plexus (Celiac) injury care

A

“inhale through nose, exhale through mouth- breathe with me”
- if no improvement 4-6 cycles, suspect abdominal hemorrhage

33
Q

Ruptured bladder prevention

A

urinate prior to activity

34
Q

Ruptured bladder etiology

A

-very rare
- direct blunt force trauma to pelvis, superior to pubic symphysis

35
Q

Ruptured bladder s/s

A
  • inability to urinate
  • abdominal rigidity
  • blood from urethra
  • nausea, vomiting, shock
36
Q

liver contusion etiology

A

blow to right abdomen (not hollow, makes dull sound rather than drumlike)

37
Q

appendicitis etiology

A

-inflammation due to infection, lymph swelling, fecal obstruction
- more common in males 15-25

38
Q

appendicitis s/s

A

diffuse, nonspecific pain that becomes focal, mild fever, abdominal rigidity
+ rebound tenderness
+ iliopsoas MMT

39
Q

appendicitis care

A

no food/ refer

40
Q

Inguinal/ femoral hernia etiology

A

-congenital, acquired through direct trauma or exercise
- 5-7x more likely in men

41
Q

Inguinal/femoral hernia s/s

A

-feelings of weakness & drawing/pulling
- pain w/coughing, exercising, or bending over
- burning sensation

42
Q

inguinal/femoral hernia care

A

surgical
- return to light activity after 3wks

43
Q

Sudden cardiac death syndrome etiology

A

most often= congenital cardiovascular abnormality
- non cardiac causes: drug use

44
Q

Sudden cardiac death syndrome s/s

A

-most exhibit no symptoms
- chest pain during exertion
-heart palpitations

45
Q

Sudden cardiac death syndrome prevention

A

pre-participation physical screening

Upper extremity- face, ears, throat, abdomen, lumbar/thoracic spine (4 decks)

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