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Developmental Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Chapter 4

1
Q

Reasons for Studying Developmental Psych

A

Raising Children, Choosing Social Policies, Understanding Human Nature

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2
Q

Plato Basic Views

A

Nurture, Boys are particular challenge, Self-Control and Discipline as most important goals of education, children have innate knowledge

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3
Q

Aristotle Basic Views

A

Nurture, fitting child rearing to the needs of the individual child, all knowledge comes from experience

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4
Q

Rousseau Basic Views

A

Nature, maximum freedom from beginning, children learn from their own interactions with objects and people (not from instruction), no formal education before 12

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5
Q

Locke Basic Views

A

Nurture, tabula rasa, development largely reflects the nurture given by parents and society, avoid indulging child

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6
Q

Reliability

A

the degree to which independent measurements using the same instruments are consistent

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7
Q

Inter-Rater

A

the amount of agreement in observations of different raters who witness the same behavior

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8
Q

Test-Restest

A

the degree of similarity of a participant’s performance on two or more occasions

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9
Q

Validity

A

does the test measure what it is intended to measure

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10
Q

Internal

A

the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing

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11
Q

External

A

the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research

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12
Q

Themes of Development

A

Nature & Nurture: environment vs genes
Active Child: what role individuals play in their own development
Continuity & Discontinuity: steady or fast changes
Mechanisms of Developmental Change: how and why does change occur
Sociocultural Context: physical, social, cultural, economic and historical circumstances
Individual Differences: possible sources of variation
Children’s Welfare/Social Policy: practical benefits of developmental research

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13
Q

Gastrulation

A

single layer embryo folds itself into 3 layers, U-shaped groove down center to top layer, folds at top of groove fuse creating neural tube, neural tube then develops into the brained spinal cord

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14
Q

Cell Division

A

zygote divides into two equal parts, then continues to divide, continues over course of 38 weeks

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15
Q

Cell Migration

A

movement of newly formed cells away from their point of origin

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16
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

cells start to specialize, cell’s location influences its future development via chemicals and cell to cell contact with neighboring cells

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17
Q

Cell Death

A

apoptosis, cell suicide, the formation of fingers depends on cell death

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18
Q

Cephalocaudal Development

A

Head before Body
Trunk before Legs
Hands before Feet

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19
Q

genotype

A

inherited genetic material

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20
Q

Phenotype

A

observable expression of the genotype, including body characteristics and behavior

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21
Q

Why so much REM sleep early on

A

high level of of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep may help to make up for the natural deprivation of visual stimulation. the jerking movements that occur during REM sleep may give infants opportunities to build sensorimotor maps

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22
Q

How much Cortex in Brian

A

80%

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23
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual Information, Back

24
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Spatial Processing (where objects are in space), Middle/Top

25
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Cognitive Control (working memory, planning, decision making), Front

26
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Speech/Language and Hearing, Middle/Bottom

27
Q

Neurogenesis

A

proliferation of neurons through cell division, begins 42 days after conception, almost complete midway point of gestation

28
Q

Aborization

A

allows neurons to grow in complexity over the first couple years of life, main change in dendrites

29
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

each neuron forms synapses with thousands of others

30
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

40% of synaptic superfluity is eliminated, occurs at different times in different areas of the brain

31
Q

Use it or Lose It

A

the more often a synapse is activated, the stronger the connection between the neurons involved. when a synapse is rarely active it is likely to disappear

32
Q

Experience-Expectant

A

basic experiences are “expected” by the brain. if expected experiences don’t occur, deficits may result and rewiring may occur

33
Q

Experience-Dependent

A

neural connections are created and reorganized through life as a function of individual experience, expert skills (violin)

34
Q

Best and Worst time Brain Damage

A

Best: early childhood (plasticity is at its highest, synapse generation and pruning are occurring)
Worst: earlier stages of prenatal development and in first year (affects neurogenesis and neuron migration)

35
Q

Cell Body

A

contains basic biological material

36
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive input from other cells and conducts it toward the cell body

37
Q

Axon

A

fiber that conducts electrical signals away from the body to connective neurons

38
Q

Synapses

A

where neurons communicate (junctions between axon terminals)

39
Q

Glial Cells

A

form myelin sheath around axons

40
Q

Why we have Theories

A

Provide a framework for understanding important phenomena
Raise crucial question about human nature
Lead to a better understanding of children

41
Q

Assimilation

A

attempting to interpret new informatoin within the framework of existing information

42
Q

Accommodation

A

making small changes to knowledge in order ot cope with things that dont fit those existing frameworks

43
Q

Equilibration

A

balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

44
Q

Weaknesses of Piaget Theory

A

vague about mechanisms that give rise to children’s thinking
Infants and young children are more cognitively competent than recognized
understates the contributions of the social world to cognitive development
stage model depicts children thinking as being more consistent than it is

45
Q

A-not-B

A

Sensorimotor, once infants have found a hidden object in the same spot several times, they will look for it there even when watching it being hidden somewhere else

46
Q

Defferred Imitaiton

A

sensorimotor, the repetition of others peoples behavior after it occurred

47
Q

Conservation

A

Preoperational, changing the appearance or arrangement of objects does not change the amount or properties

48
Q

Task Analysis

A

Goal -> Obstacle -> Strategy

49
Q

Information Processing Theory

A

Child as Computational System
Major Motivation to be Problem-Solver
Overlapping Waves Theory: individual children usually use a variety of approaches to solve problems
Planning is difficult for young children because they tend to be overly optimistic

50
Q

Core-Knowledge

A

Child as Product of Evolution
Innate, Domain-Specific Modules process information for survival
Informal Theories

51
Q

Socio-Cultural Theories

A

Vygotsky
Child as Teacher and Learner, Child as Product of Culture
Guided Participation and Scaffolding
Joint Attention and Intersubjectivity

52
Q

Guided Participation

A

a process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in a way that allow less knowledgable people to preform the activity at a higher level than they could manage on their own

53
Q

Scaffolding

A

process through which adults and others with greater expertise organize the physical and social environment to help children learn

54
Q

Join Attention

A

infants and their social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment, enables infants to evaluate the competence of other people and to use those evaluations to see who to imitate

55
Q

Intersubjectivity

A

mutual understanding that people share during communication. effective communication requires participants to focus on the same topic as well as on each others reaction to the information being communicated

56
Q

Piaget’s Theory

A

Child as Scientist and Constructivist Theory
Assimilation, Accommodation, Equilibration
Stages

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

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