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Mol Med Final Exam > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

Allergic inflammation is characterised by infiltration of…

A

Eosinophils
Mast cells
Basophils
Th2 lymphs

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1
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

Harmful immune response to an inherently harmless environmental antigen.

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2
Q

Define atopy

A

Predisposition to mount IgE responses to common environmental allergens and develop allergic reactions

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3
Q

Define allergen

A

Common environmental non-pathogenic Ag that triggers an IgE mediated allergic response

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4
Q

Tenets of immunity

A

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
(Tolerance)

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5
Q

Two types of epitope

A

T cell epitope - linear amino acids (internal)

Antibody epitope - conformational shape recognized (external)

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6
Q

Four stages of HIV infection

A

HIV transmission
HIV dissemination
Control of viraemia
Seroconversion

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7
Q

Strategies for immune reconstitution

A

Replace/ induce deficient cytokines
ARVs
Reduce acute and chronic immune activation
Vaccination

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8
Q

What 3 layers of defense would the ideal vaccine to HIV induce

A

Mucosal - neutralizing Abs
Memory T cells at mucosa
Memory T cells in circulation

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9
Q

To types of HIV vaccine

A

Preventative/prophylactic (reduce rate or load)

Therapeutic (help IS fight back)

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10
Q

Methods to assess allergic phenotype in animal

A 
Lung pathology (mucus PAS stain)
Cytokines response (ELISA, FACS)
Airway hyper responsiveness (WBP, FlexiVent)
Antibody response (ELISA)
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11
Q

Factors to induce Th2

A 
TSLD
IL-4
IL-33
IL-25
Ag presentation
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12
Q

Outcome of Th2 response

A 
Alt activated macs
Eosinophilia 
Mucous
SM constriction
Vascular leakage
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13
Q

Key factors in Th1

A

INFy

IL-12

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14
Q

Key factors in th2 response

A

IL-4

IL-2

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15
Q

Fx of Abs

A

Neutralization
Opsonisation
Complement

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16
Q

3 pathways of Ab development

A

T cell independent (IgM, IgA)
Extra follicular
Germinal centre

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17
Q

Attachment needed in CTL killing

A

LFA-1 to ICAM-1 X2

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18
Q

Killing machinery of Mac

A

Phagosome (NADPH - ROS)

Lysosome (lysosyme, acid hydrolases, defensins)

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19
Q

Process of immunity in HIV

A
  • acute phase reactants
  • onset of cytokines
  • Antibody-virus immune complexes
  • cd8 T cell responses to original virus
  • free gp41-specific non-neutralizing IgM antibody
  • virus escape from cd8 T cells
  • autologous virus-specific neutralizing antibody
  • virus escape from autologous virus specific neutralizing antibody
20
Q

Consequences of immune activation in HIV infection

A
  • lymph node fibrosis
  • T cell exhaustion
  • local inflammation driven by monocyte activation
21
Q

Important immune components of breast milk

A
  • cytokines/ chemokines
  • soluble receptors/ antagonists
  • antibodies
  • lysozyme
  • lactoferrin
  • neutrophils
  • t and b lymphocytes
22
Q

Effects of maternal antibody on responses to vaccination

A
  • can limit in vivo replication
  • can mask B cell epitopes
  • allow generation and maturation of memory B cells
  • do not inhibit T cell responses
23
Q

Examples of factors that may suppress the newborn

A
  • th2 biased responses
  • t regs
  • b regs
  • myeloid derived suppressor cells
24
Q

Functions of the immune system

A
  • immunological recognition
  • generate an immune effector function
  • immune regulation
  • immunological memory
25
Q

Purpose of ILCs

A

Primary border patrol at mucosal surfaces sensing changes in the microenvironment

26
Q

TLR 1

A

Triacyl lipoproteins

27
Q

TLR 2

A

Peptidoglycan

28
Q

TLR 3

A

Viral dsRNA

29
Q

TLR 4

A

Heat shock proteins

30
Q

TLR 5

A

Flagellin

31
Q

TLR 6

A

Triacyl lipoproteins

32
Q

TLR 7/8

A

Viral ssRNA

33
Q

TLR 9

A

Bacterial and viral DNA

34
Q

Tlr 11

A

Profilin

35
Q

Purpose of tlrs

A

Activate innate immune cells

36
Q

Why are dcs the most efficient APCs for initiating an immune response?

A
  • location
  • receptors for capturing and reacting to microbes
  • migration to T cell zones of lymphoid organs
37
Q

Pathway of ingested antigens

A
  • digestion of protein to generate peptides
  • endo some/ lysosomes
  • peptide presented by class 2 MHC
  • recognized by cd4 T cell
38
Q

Pathway of endogenously synthesised antigens

A

Degraded in cytoplasm

  • binding to class 1 MHC in ER
  • peptide presented by class 1 MHC
  • recognized by cd8 T cell
39
Q

Functions of APCs

A
  • capture antigens and take them to the correct place
  • display antigen in a form recognized by specific lymphocyte
  • provide second signals for T activation
40
Q

Role of co stimulators

A
  • activation of naive T cells
  • ensures T cells respond to microbes and not harmless antigens
  • targets for therapeutic blockade of T cell responses
41
Q

Define an allergen

A

An antigen that can stimulate an IgE mediated allergic reaction

42
Q

Principal characteristics of asthma

A
  • reversible airflow obstruction
  • hyper responsiveness of the lungs to challenge with smooth muscle agonists
  • chronic airway inflammation
43
Q

Results of mast cell activation and granule release

A
  • increased fluid secretion and peristalsis in GIT
  • decreased diameter and increased mucus production in airway
  • increased blood flow and permeability
44
Q

Mediators of immediate phase of allergy

A

Histamine
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins

45
Q

Mediators of late phase of allergy

A

Th2 cytokines
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins

46
Q

How to assess allergic phenotype

A
  • lung pathology (histology)
  • cytokine response (Elisa, FACS)
  • antibody response (Elisa)
  • airway hyperresponsiveness (lung function)
47
Q

Parameters for the flexivent system

A

Resistance (lung constriction)
Elastance (elastic rigidity)
Compliance

Mol Med Final Exam (6 decks)

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