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Genetics > Exam 1: Intro to Genetics, Intro to DNA, Mendel's Laws, etc > Flashcards

Exam 1: Intro to Genetics, Intro to DNA, Mendel's Laws, etc Flashcards

1
Q

Name features of Model Organisms

A

-Short reproductive cycle
-Give birth to lots of offspring
- Low maintenance
-Easy to observe phenotypes

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2
Q

What is the primary structure of DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleotides

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3
Q

What is the secondary structure of DNA

A
  • Double Helix
    -Hydrogen bonds + base pairs
  • Antiparallel complementary DNA strands
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4
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

the building block of nucleic acids
-> phosphate, ribose sugar, base

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5
Q

What is a pyrimidine?

A

a 1 ring base

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6
Q

What are examples of pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

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7
Q

What is a purine?

A

double ring base

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8
Q

What are examples of purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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9
Q

What charge does DNA have?

A

Negative charge

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10
Q

Explain Chargaff’s base pairing Ratio Rule

A

%Adenine = % Thymine
% Guanine = %Cytosine

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11
Q

How do you distinguish between:
-double strand DNA
-single strand DNA
-RNA

A

Double strand: true Chargaff ratios
Single strand: A= 2T and C=3G
RNA: Uracil present

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12
Q

How many hydrogen bonds with A-T?

A

2 H bonds

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13
Q

How many hydrogen bonds with G-C

A

3 H bonds

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14
Q

What was a piece of evidence that gave proof that the structure of DNA was a double helix?

A

Photo-51 by Rosalind Franklin (Xray photography)
X shape in photo= double helix

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15
Q

Name and describe the three types of Secondary DNA Structures

A

A Form- very compressed
B Form- in the middle
Z form- Very stretched

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16
Q

Describe Griffith’s Transformation Experiment

A

S- strain= smooth colony- fatal
R- strain= rough colony- not fatal

Living R and heat killed S was injected into a mouse, it died and alive S strain was found in the mouse.

A completely destroyed S strain didn’t effect mice. No conclusion drawn until Avery and MacLeod and McCarty’s

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17
Q

Describe Avery and MacLeod and McCarty’s experiment

A

-Like Griffith’s experiment, but in test tubes
-Get bacteria transformation to work
-Then, test the heat killed smooth cell extracts by removing one type of molecule at a time

Only the DNase treated cells didn’t transform into S cells= DNA is the required transforming material!

Nothing from carbohydrates, RNA, proteins

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18
Q

Describe the Hershey Chase Phage Labeling experiment

A

-Labeled Phage DNA with 32 P
-Labeled Phage protein 35 S

When the phage infected the cell, and was knocked off, only the labeled DNA infected the cell with 32 P, while the bacteriophage labeled with 35 S didn’t successfully infect the cell

Conclusion: DNA (not protein) is the genetic material, sufficient information molecule.

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19
Q

Describe the Tobacco Mosaic Virus

A

-RNA genome
- Has a hollow protein coat
-Rosalind Franklin worked with these to show that the viral RNA was single stranded

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20
Q

Describe the Fraenkal-Conrat and Singer Experiment

A

-Viruses will self assemble
-Mix and match protein coat from RNA core
Conclusion: RNA is the information molecule!

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21
Q

Describe the Meselson and Stabl experiment

A

-Label E.coli with heavy/light isotope of Nitrogen
-Separate newly replicated DNA using density centrifugation

The first generation was in the middle, and then the second was in the middle and top, showed that replication was Semi-conservative

22
Q

Describe the three models of DNA replication

A

conservative: just copied the whole thing
Semi-conservative: One strand is old, one is new
Dispersive: just certain pieces are new

23
Q

What are the four steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. Primer Synthesis
  2. Elongation
  3. Primer removal and gap filling
  4. Ligation
24
Q

What does Primase do?

A
  • An RNA polymerase

-makes a short primer that creates a double stranded biding place for DNA Pol 3
- Also provides the 3’ OH for nucleotide addition

25
Q

Describe Step 1: Primer Synthesis
(DNA replication)

A

Primase enzyme synthesizes an RNA primer (10-12 nucleotides long) complementary to DNA template strand

26
Q

Describe Step 2: Elongation
(DNA replication)

A

DNA Pol3 adds deoxyribonucleotides to the 3’ OH end of RNA primer

27
Q

What is the Leading Strand (DNA?)

A

Continuous Replication of DNA
-DNA Pol 3 can keep moving in the 3’ direction

28
Q

What is the Lagging Strand (DNA?)

A

Discontinuous Replication of DNA
-On this strand DNA Pol 3 makes “Okazaki fragments”
The process has to wait for the replication fork to open and primase to add a primer, DNA Pol 3 can only add onto the 3’ OH group

29
Q

Describe Step 3: Primer Removal and Gap Filling (DNA replication)

A

5’ to 3’ exonuclease:
-DNA Pol 1 removes RNA primers
-Then Pol 1 replaces RNA with DNA

30
Q

Describe Step 4: Ligation (DNA replication)

A

DNA Ligase seals up nicks after DNA polymerase has filled in the gaps

31
Q

What is Helicase?

A

An enzyme that opens up DNA helix

32
Q

What is Topoisomerase “Gyrase”?

A

Relieves the tension in the unraveling of DNA

33
Q

What does the enzyme Telomerase do?

A

Generates telomeres
1. Telomerase RNA base pairs w DNA
2. Telomerase extension occurs
3. Telomerase translocated to extended 3’ end
4. Telomerase extends 3’ end of telomere

34
Q

What are the effects on the human body after the body slows down telomere production?

A

-Inflammation
-Mitochondrial dysfunction
-stem cell exhaustion
-Deregulated nutrient sensing

35
Q

What is an Allele?

A

one or more versions of a gene, often depicted with a letter

36
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

The genetic constitution of an organism or virus, typically with respect to one or a few genes.
Written as AA or Aa or aa

37
Q

How many chromosomes do Humans have?

A

46 total

22 pairs plus XX or XY

38
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable properties of a cell or organism resulting from an interaction of the genotype with the environment

39
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

a cross between two parents that differ in a single characteristic.

ex. GG x gg

40
Q

What is Mendel’s first Law?

A

Principal of Segregation- each individual diploid organism possesses two alleles for any particular characteristic, and each allele will segregate randomly to a gamete

41
Q

What is genetic dominance?

A

When two different alleles are present in a genotype, only the trait encoded by one of them, the dominant allele is observed in the phenotype

42
Q

What is Mendel’s second Law?

A

Independent Assortment

Alleles from one gene sort into gametes independently of alleles from another gene (as long as the genes aren’t right next to each other!)

43
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

Cross of two traits:
AABB x aaBB

44
Q

What is the GENOTYPE ratio of a monohybrid cross in the F2 generation?

A

1:2:1

45
Q

What is the PHENOTYPE ratio of a monohybrid cross in the F2 generation?

A

3:1

46
Q

What is the PHENOTYPE ratio of a dihybrid cross in the F2 generation?

A

9:3:3:1
1/16 is homozygous recessive

A_B_: aaB_: A_bb: aabb

47
Q

Why are Sex-Linked Traits a thing?

A

Because females have two copies of X chromosomes, while dudes have XY

48
Q

What is Hemizygous?

A

In relation to sex-linked traits, hemizygous only have 1X only have one allele

49
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Mating an individual with the dominant phenotype with an individual expressing a recessive phenotype

50
Q

What is probability (P)?

A

a/n
a= # times an event is observed
n= total # of possible cases

51
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Nuclear division that yields identical genetic content

52
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Two nuclear divisions resulting in 1/2 the genetic content w/ new combination of alleles.

ONLY REPRODUCTIVE CELLS GO THRU MEIOSIS!

Genetics (4 decks)

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