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Biol 204 Lab > Lab 4 - skull > Flashcards

Lab 4 - skull Flashcards

1
Q

chondocranium

A

encases special sense organis, contrib to skeletal elements encasing brain, back (posterior), sides (lateral regions), and floor of the brain case

from mesenchyme and neural crest cells

endochondral bone or cartilage

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2
Q

dermatocranium

A

dermal bones encasing the chondocranium

from mesodermal mesenchyme and neural crest cells

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3
Q

splanchnocranium

A

from mesodermal mesenchyme and neural crest cells

pharyngeal arches that support the pharynx and gills

evolved into middle ear bones, hyoid apparatus, jaws in some gnathostomata

most verts - 7 pharyngeal arches

FIRST ARCH - jaws, palatoquadrate and meckel’s cartilage

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4
Q

jaw suspension

A

att differently in different taxa

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5
Q

types of jaw suspension

A

paleostyly, autostyly, hyostyly, modified hyostyle, metautostyly, craniostyly

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6
Q

10 bones of the general teleost dermatocranium

A
  1. maxilla
  2. premaxilla
  3. nasal
  4. jugal
  5. squamosal
  6. lacrimal
  7. frontal
  8. parietal
  9. interparietal
  10. dentary (of the lower jaw)
    *** called mandible when fused together at mandibular symphysis
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7
Q

3 components of dermatocranium

A
  1. occipitals
  2. sphenoids
  3. ethmoids (thin curled bones in olfactory chamber/nasal passage)
    *** in the anterior of the brain cas
    ** in many mammals, olfactory chamber divided in 2 by MESETHMOID BONE
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8
Q

????? ID occipitals vs sphenoids vs ethmoids of the chondocranium

A
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9
Q

capsules formed by the chondocranium

A
  1. olfactory capsule
  2. optic capsule
  3. otic capsule
    +inner/mid ears
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10
Q

maxilla location

A

front dorsal region of the snout

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11
Q

premaxilla location

A

most anterior point of the snout/ anterior to maxilla

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12
Q

nasal bone location

A

top midline of the snout

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13
Q

lacrimal bone location

A

very front (anterior, dorsal) of the eye sockets (little bone)

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14
Q

jugal bone location

A

small process on the anterior/lateral/dorsal region of the optic capsules

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15
Q

squamosal bone location

A

the posterior region of the optic capsule

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16
Q

frontal bone location

A

dorsal region of the braincase between the two optic capsules

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17
Q

parietal bone location

A

dorsal, posterior region of the braincase posterior to the optic capsules

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18
Q

interparietal bone location

A

most posterior region of the braincase, just behind the parietal bone

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19
Q

dentary location

A

lower jaw!!!!

20
Q

1st pharyngeal arch

A

MANDIBULAR ARCH - contributes to the jaws in several gnathostomes

in mammals - quadrate forms the incus and palatoquadrate forms the malleus of the middle ear

21
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch

A

HYOID ARCH

suspends the jaw in some gnathostomes, in some contributes to the hyoid apparatus

forms COLUMELLA in sauropsids

forms STAPES of middle ear in mammals

22
Q

paleostyly - what?

A

no jaw!

23
Q

paleostyly - who?

A

agnathans - myxinoidea and petromyzontida

24
Q

autostyly - what?

A

Upper jaw - palatoquadrate

lower - meckel’s cartilage

Hyoid arch - no support, palatoquadrate attaches directly to chondrocranium

25
Q

autostyly - who?

A

holocephali (dogfish)

26
Q

hyostyly - what?

A

upper jaw - palatoquadrate

lower jaw - meckel’s cartilage

hyoid arch - hyomandibula, swinging bridge attaching the palatoquadrate to the chondocranium

27
Q

hyostyly - who?

A

elasmobranchii

28
Q

modified hyostyly - what?

A

upper - maxilla and premaxilla (dermal bone from dermatocranium + quadrate from the palatoquadrate/mandibular arch

lower - angular and dentary bones (dermal) + articular bone from meckel’s cartilage

*** quadrate and articular articulate w/each other

hyoid arch - HYOMANDIBULA + other dermal bones swinging bridge attaching the quadrate to the chondocranium

29
Q

metautostyly - what?

A

Upper jaw - maxilla and premaxilla (dermal) + quadrate from palatoquadrate

Lower jaw - dentary + other dermal bone + articular from meckel’s cartilate

***quadrate articulates with articular

Hyomandibula - modified to columella of middle ear

quadrate directly attached to the chondocranium either a) immobile
b) mobile - STREPTOSTYLY

30
Q

modified hyostyly - who?

A

actinopterygiians

31
Q

metautostyly - who?

A

amphibians and sauropsids

32
Q

craniostyly - what?

A

upper - maxilla and premaxilla

lower - dentary
**ARTICULATES W/ SQUAMOSAL bone of braincase

upper is completely fused to brain case!!

quadrate = incus of the middle ear
articular = malleus of the middle ear
hyomandibula = stapes of middle ear (homologous to the columella of amphibians and sauropsids)

33
Q

tympanic bulla

A

encase the inner and middle ear in mammals

34
Q
A
35
Q

palattes in fish and amphibians

A

ONLY PRIMARY

36
Q

palates in sauropsids

A

ALL - primary

Crocodilia - complete 2nd, bony

Aves - complete 2nd, fleshy

Lepidosauria - USUALLY only primary

Testudinata - Partial 2nd, bony

Mammalia - Complete 2nd, bony anterior, fleshy posterior

37
Q

what do incus malleus and stapes look like?

A

stapes - stirrup

malleus - mallet (w/ stick and ball)

incus - not a stirrup or mallet

38
Q

for what species does the dermatocranium cover the dorsal surface of the brain?

A

amia (actinopterygii)

39
Q

classification based on temporal fenestrae

A

Testudinata - ANAPSID = none

Mammalia - SYNAPSID = only infratemporal

Lepidosauria, Aves, Crocodilia - DIAPSID = infratemporal and supratemporal

40
Q

sagittal crest

A

longitudinal crest along the midline of mammalian skulls, along paired parietal and frontal bones

41
Q

nuchal crest

A

crest running perpendicular to sagittal crest in mammalian skulls, across the occipital bones

42
Q

homodont

A

all teeth very similar shape

43
Q

heterodont

A

teeth different shapes

44
Q

4 main heterodont tooth types

A

canines, incisors, molars, premolars

45
Q

specialized tooth for carnivores

A

CARNASSIALS - 4th premolar of upper and first molar of lower

46
Q

diastema

A

large gap vetween incisors and molars in herbivores

Biol 204 Lab (18 decks)

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