Biological Bases of Behaviour

Question 1

Where and what regions result in specific damage for the spine?

Answer 1

The cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions, severing of the chord anywhere between C1 and C5 results in quadriplegia, anything from c6 and c7 is paraplegia, and partial paralysis in the arm, anything from T1 down is paraplegia.

Question 2

What is the incomplete severing of the spine ?

Answer 2

Incomplete severing of the spine is called Paresis.

Even when the spinal cord is damaged reflexes remain intact e.g. Male orgasm, knee jerk reaction.

Question 3

What are the three major regions of the brain?

Answer 3

The three major regions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.

Question 4

What is the cerebrum responsible for ?

Answer 4

The cerebrum is involved with complex thought, perception, and action.

Question 5

Which hemisphere is more dominant?

Answer 5

The left hemisphere is more dominant in 97% of all people.

Question 6

What is the left hemisphere responsible for?

Answer 6

The left hemisphere is responsible for reading, writing, speaking, spelling, naming as well as motor control. It is also responsible for thinking, which is rational analytical, and abstract.

Question 7

If someone were to be injured or damaged on the left hemisphere, what would it result in

Answer 7

Aphasia – speech disorder, and other speech problems, agraphia, anomia. Agraphia- motor disorder, and or difficulties with the right side of the body. LEFT IS FOR LANGUAGE AND LOGIC

Question 8

What is the right hemisphere of the brain responsible?

Answer 8

The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for
* perceptual,
* visuospatial,
* artistic,
* and intuitive activities
* it is also responsible for body image and the comprehension and expression of visual-spatial, facial, and verbal emotion.

Question 9

How are lobes broken down?

Answer 9

There are four lobes in each hemisphere – Frontal, Parietal, temporal, and occipital.
There are four combinations with this - the left frontal, right frontal left parietal front parietal, etc. They are separated by Sulci, central sulci, and lateral sulci.

Question 10

What is the structural makeup of the Frontal lobe?

Answer 10

Frontal lobes are located at the front of the brain and make up a third of the brain. There are three main divisions, the prefrontal cortex, the premotor area, and the motor area.

Question 11

What is the prefrontal cortex crucial to for function?

Answer 11

The prefrontal cortex is critical to the function of
* personality,
* emotionality,
* inhibition,
* planning,
* initiative,
* abstract thinking judgment,
* and higher mental functioning.

Question 12

What is the premotor and motor area associated with?

Answer 12

The premotor area is used as a means of planning movement, while the motor area is associated with movement itself.

Question 13

Where is the Broca area located and for what is it responsible?

Answer 13

Broca’s area is located in the left frontal lobe and controls the muscles responsible for speech.

Question 14

What is damage to the frontal lobe associated with?

Answer 14

Damage to the frontal lobe is most often associated with traumatic brain injury, stroke, and tumor and can result in:
* various body paralysis,
* personality change.
* Emotional Lability
* Perseveration
* Inattention
* Difficulty with problem-solving

And inability to express language (Broca’s Aphasia)

Question 15

What are the parietal lobes typically associated with?

Answer 15

Located just behind the frontal lobe the parietal lobe is associated with somatosensory information.

Question 16

The parietal lobes enable us to integrate sensations associated with?

Answer 16

Shape size and texture. The parietal lobes are also associated with heat pain and proprioception (ability to sense position location and movement of the body)

Question 17

Why is the right parietal lobe key for?

Answer 17

Directing attention, as well as visual and spatial skills

Question 18

What is the left parietal lobe associated with?

Answer 18

• The left parietal lobe is associated with.
• Overlearned motor routines
• Linguistic skills associated with reading writing and naming objects.

Question 19

What is damage to the parietal lobes most associated with?

Answer 19

• Damage to the parietal lobes is most associated with Stroke and can result in:
• Anomia (difficulty naming objects)
• Agraphia (Difficulty in being able to write)
• Alexia (problems with reading)

Question 20

What is Gerstmann’s syndrome and where is it associated with?

Answer 20

Gerstmann syndrome is associated with lesions in that area and people have difficulty recognizing their fingers, agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia.

Question 21

What are the structural makeup and location of the temporal lobes?

Answer 21

• The temporal lobes are found on the outside of each hemisphere and contain the primary auditory makeup.
• They are connected to the limbic system and are thus associated with emotional behavior and memory.
• The left temporal lobe is associated with verbal memory and language comprehension.
• The Right temporal lobe is associated is involved in visual memory

Question 22

What is the typical result of damage to the temporal lobe?

Answer 22

The temporal lobe is typically associated with increased sexual behavior, increased or decreased interest in sexual behavior interference with memory, and problems with speech (wernerckies area). The temporal lobes are located around the temples - Temper Temper is a good reminder that they are involved with aggression.

Question 23

What is the structural makeup of the temporal lobes?

Answer 23

The occipital lobes are associated with the back of the brain are the primary visual cortex of the brain and are involved with sight, reading, and visual images.

Question 24

What is damage to the occipital lobe damage typically associated with?

Answer 24

• Damage to the occipital lobes is typically associated with stroke or tumor.
• Damage may be associated with:
• Recognizing drawn images
• Difficulty identifying colors.
• Hallucinations and illusions
• Inability to recognize words and problems with reading and writing.

Question 25

What brain areas are involved with the subcortical brain areas?

Answer 25

The Corpus Callosum is a bundle of fibers that enables the brain to communicate with each other.
Right controls left and

Question 26

What was the heart experiment?

Answer 26

The Heart experiment was an experiment where HE was flashed on the left side of the visual field and ART was flashed on the right, while the visual flash was recognized on the right side, they could not express the word. HE on the left side could be expressed as it accessed language and word retrieval.

Question 27

What are the key areas of the limbic system?

Answer 27

The Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Septum

Question 28

What is the function of Thalmus?

Answer 28

The thalmus functions as the major sensory relay, it receives input from all of the senses except for olfaction.

Question 29

What is the major role of the hypothalamus and through what other bodily structures achieve it?

Answer 29

The hypothalamus’s main function is homeostasis which is achieved through its link to the adrenal gland. Within the hypothalamus is the suprachiasmatic nucleus where the cells are responsible for the circadian rhythms.

Question 30

What is the major function or role of the Hippocampus?

Answer 30

The primary function of the Hippocampus is memory, specifically the consolidation of memories, as it stores long-term memory.

Question 31

What is the primary function of the Amygdala?

Answer 31

The primary function of the Amygdala is related to a fear and Aggression response. When the Amygdala is removed or destroyed, aggression has been diminished.

Kluver Bucy syndrome which is the removal of Amygdala results in Hypersexuality, Apathy, Over-eating and agnosias

Question 32

What regulates aggression in the brain ?

Answer 32

The Septum

Question 33

What is the main function of the Basal Ganglia ?

Answer 33

The main function of the Basal ganglia are to provide smooth movement and control.

Question 34

What are the main results of damage and degeneration to the Basal Ganglia

Answer 34

Huntington’s Disease is related to the degeneration of caudate nucleu resulting in thrusting movements of the hips and face.

Parkinsons disease is as a results of the steady degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and results In Bradykinesia