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BIO 143.01 Biotechnology > Module 1.1: Biotechnology and its History > Flashcards

Module 1.1: Biotechnology and its History Flashcards

1
Q

Complete the following definitions of biotechnology:

  1. Manipulation of ___ or ___ to make ___ for humans.
  2. Manipulation of ____ of organisms to change their ____, ____, and ____.
  3. ____ and ____ technology used to produce new ____ in plants and animals.
A
  1. living organism; parts of living organisms; useful products
  2. genes; behavior; value; characteristics
  3. Cell; gene; characteristics
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2
Q

In ancient biotechnology, Sumerians and Babylonians utilized ____ to prepare ____.

A

Yeast; beer

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3
Q

In ancient biotechnology, Egyptians discovered a process to prepare ____ by means of ____.

A

leavened bread; yeast

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4
Q

Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Ancient biotechnology:

  1. Similar characteristics between parents and their offspring.
  2. All inheritance originates from the father.
  3. Discovered a process to prepare leavened bread by means of yeast.
  4. Utilized yeast to prepare beer.

Choices:

Sumerians and Babylonians

Egyptians

Aristotle

Socrates

A
  1. Socrates
  2. Aristotle
  3. Egyptians
  4. Sumerians and Babylonians
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5
Q

Refers to a theory positing that organisms arise from non-living matter.

A

Theory of abiogenesis

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6
Q

Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Classical biotechnology:

  1. Found that deliberate administration of smallpox could prevent its occurrence later in life, especially in children.
  2. First researcher to explain microorganisms such as protozoa and bacteria.
  3. Investigated blood circulation in capillaries using a microscope.
  4. Explained that plants and animals are similar in their reproduction, i.e. they reproduce sexually.

Choices:

William Harvey
Giacomo Pylarini
Marcello Malpighi
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

A
  1. Giacomo Pylarini
  2. Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
  3. Marcello Malpighi
  4. William Harvey
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7
Q

This phase of biotechnology started when humans invented microscope.

A

Classical biotechnology

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8
Q

Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Classical biotechnology:

  1. Invented a technique using heat to can and sterilize food.
  2. Suggested the theory that puerperal fever could be transmitted from mother to mother by physicians.
  3. Discovered a procedure for keeping animal organs alive under in vitro conditions.
  4. Natural selection
  5. Discovered the pasteurization process.
  6. Established that a fungus was responsible for potato blight.

Choices

Heinrich Anton de Bary
Carl Ludwig
Nicolas Appert
Charles Darwin
Pasteur
Ignaz Semmelweis

A
  1. Nicolas Appert
  2. Ignaz Semmelweis
  3. Carl Ludwig
  4. Charles Darwin
  5. Pasteur
  6. Heinrich Anton de Bary
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9
Q

Difference between pasteurization and sterilization.

A

Pas - lowers bacterial load to acceptable limits

Ste - destroys all bacteria

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10
Q

What is the causative agents of puerperal (childbed) fever?

A

B hemolytic Strep

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11
Q

Causative agent of late potato blight

A

The Oomycetes, P. infestans (distinguished by its fungi-like characteristics but is note to contain small amount of chitin only)

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12
Q

Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Classical biotechnology (Genetics):

  1. Found that chromosomes (paired) contain certain elements which are transferred from one generation to another.
  2. Shared the same idea of separating X and Y chromosomes for the determination of sex.
  3. Found that several genes alter or modify the action of other genes.
  4. Started his investigation into fruit flies that would reveal that chromosomes have a defined role in heredity.

Choices:

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Edmund Beecher Wilson and Nettie Stevens
Sutton
William Bateson and R C Punnett

A
  1. Sutton
  2. Edmund Beecher Wilson and Nettie Stevens
  3. William Bateson and R C Punnett
  4. Thomas Hunt Morgan
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13
Q

Proteins and DNA were studied by means of ____.

A

x-rays

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14
Q

Is considered as the first biotech product.

A

Cortisone

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15
Q

The Rockefeller Foundation (New York) collaborated with the Mexican government to start the _____.

A

Mexican Agricultural Program

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16
Q

Match the proponents to the discovery:

  1. Explored streptomycin, an active antibiotic against TB.
  2. Discovered that the same levels of adenine and thymine are present in DNA, as are the same levels of guanine and cytosine.

Selman Abraham Waksman
Erwin Chargaff

A
  1. Selman Abraham Waksman
  2. Erwin Chargaff
17
Q

Streptomycin is which class of antibiotics?

A

Aminoglycosides (binds to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome, impairing translation)

18
Q

Match the proponent with the discovery

  1. Double-helix structure of DNA.
  2. Developed the HeLa human cell line.
  3. Studied ‘central dogma’, demonstrating how DNA functions to construct protein.
  4. Reported that a genetic sequence of three nucleotide bases.

Choices:

George Otto Gey

Crick and Gamov

Marshall Warren Nirenberg, J Heinrich Matthaei and S Ochoa

Watson and Crick

A
  1. Watson and Crick
  2. George Otto Gey
  3. Crick and Gamov
  4. Marshall Warren Nirenberg, J Heinrich Matthaei and S Ochoa
19
Q

The discovery of what finally resulted in an explosion of research into molecular biology and genetics.

A

Structure of DNA

20
Q

Match the proponent with the DNA research discovery during classical biotechnology era:

  1. Identified the first oncogene in a virus.
  2. Utilized a restriction enzyme to cut DNA into fragments.
  3. Developed an investigation to distinguish chemicals that damage DNA.
  4. Released the first set of guidelines for rDNA experimentation.

Choices:

Paul Berg
Peter H Duesberg and Peter K Vogt
Bruce Nathan Ames
National Institute of Health

A
  1. Peter H Duesberg and Peter K Vogt
  2. Paul Berg
  3. Bruce Nathan Ames
  4. NIH
21
Q

This is an investigation to distinguish chemicals that damage DNA.

A

AMES test

22
Q

What was the first oncogene discovered?

A

SRC gene

23
Q

Match the proponent to the discovery during modern biotech era:

  1. Synthesized synthetic human insulin by introducing the insulin gene into the bacterium Escherichia coli.
  2. Was allowed to patent an oil-eating micro-organism.
  3. Was the first organization to achieve the synthesis of a human protein (somatostatin) in a bacterium
  4. Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing the tool of PCR.
  5. Announced that they had cloned a sheep called Dolly from the cell of an adult ewe

Choices
1. Genentech Inc.
2. Exxon oil company
3. Herbert W Boyer
4. Roslin Institute
5. Kary Mullis

A
  1. Herbert W Boyer
  2. Exxon oil company
  3. Genentech Inc.
  4. Kary Mullis
  5. Roslin Institute
24
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

growth inhibition

25
Q

Tobacco plants have been used to produce what vaccine?

A

Hepatitis vaccine by transduction of TM virus containing hepatitis antigen

26
Q

A mouse model that is highly susceptible to breast cancer has its ____ gene mutated.

A

BRCA1

27
Q

What are the three goals of microbial biotechnology?

A

manipulation of microorganisms such as yeasts and bacteria:

  1. to create better enzymes
  2. for a more efficient decontamination of industrial wastes
  3. to clone and produce large amounts of proteins used in medicine
28
Q

What are the goals of agricultural biotechnology?

A

Manipulation of plants and plant parts to

  1. yield larger amount of crops
  2. induce resistance to disease and insects
  3. enrich foods with protein and/or vitamin content
  4. produce drugs and vaccines
  5. reduce production costs of crops
29
Q

What are the goals of animal biotechnology?

A

Manipulation of animals to:

  1. Become sources of important products such as antibodies and food yield
  2. Become model organisms in research, e.g., mouse models for cancer
  3. For cloning purposes, e.g., Dolly the sheep, Elizabeth Ann, the black footed ferret
30
Q

Cloning of Elizatbeth Ann, the black-footed ferret is an effort to?

A

Save the species from extinction

31
Q

In forensic biotechnology, DNA fingerprinting is used for what purposes?

A
  1. inclusion and exclusion of a person suspected of a crime
  2. paternity test
  3. identification of human remains
  4. tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
32
Q

Refers to the use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and man-made substances

A

Bioremediation

33
Q

What is one microorganism that has been used to degrade components of crude oil?

A

Alcanivorax borkumensis

34
Q

What is the goal of aquatic biotechnology?

A

Aquaculture for use as food source

35
Q

Triploid oysters are sterile or have reduced fertility. This is a desired trait because?

A

Energy is directed towards growth, leading to larger meats at harvest.

36
Q

What are the goals of medical biotechnology?

A

Used in the treatment of human diseases:
1. preventive medicine
2. diagnosis of health and illness
3. treatment of disease

37
Q

The human genome project has potential for what applications?

A

Gene therapy and stem-cell technology

BIO 143.01 Biotechnology (2 decks)

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