Sensory Disorders - Eyes Flashcards
functions of the eye?
it is an active organ
provides info about the surroundings
- adjusts the amount of light
- focuses on objects
- produces a continuous image
ensures appropriate reaction to the environment
types of eyelid conditions? signs? treatment/care?
entropion - inversion of eyelids
ectropion - eversion of lower eyelid
distichiasis - extra row or incorrect placement of eyelashes
eyelid laceration
signs
- blepharospasm
- squinting
- increased lacrimation (tear production)
- ocular discharge
- tearing
- corneal ulceration/conjunctivitis
treatment/care
- anti-inflammatory eye drops
- antibacterial eyedrops
- surgical correction
Conjunctivitis
causes? Diagnosis? signs
inflammation of the conjunctiva
causes
- bacterial infection - eg licking/grooming
- viral infection
- foreign body - eg grass seeds
- insect hypersensitivity
diagnosis
- visual examination
- corneoconjunctival culture - swab
signs
- blepharospasm
- increased lacrimation
- ocular discharge
- oedema
- redness
- conjunctival hyperaemia (bloodshot)
Treatment and nursing care for conjunctivitis?
eyedrops - antibiotic/anti-inflammatory/antiviral/ antihistamine
surgical correction
prevention of self-trauma/interference
bathe eyes to remove any discharge
environmental modifications
- eg restrict areas if grass seed
keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
what is it? signs? diagnostics? treatment/nursing care?
dry eyes due to a reduction in tear production
signs
- vascularisation (more vessels)
- ulcersation
- opacity of cornea
- recurrent conjunctivitis - FBs not removed
- ocular discharge
diagnostics
- schirmer tear test - normal = 15-25 mm/min
treatment/nursing care
- tear substitutes
- antibiotic eyedrpos if infected
- anti-inflammatory eyedrops
- regular cleaning - self cleaning compromised
examples of third eyelid disorders?
treatment options?
tear duct prolapse
- blockage of third eyelid gland
- cherry eye
tear duct tumour
foreign bodies
can cause corneal ulceration
treatment
- surgical correction
- temporary management such as topical lubricants and antibiotics
squamous cell carcinoma
what is it? signs? diagnostics? treatment/nursing care?
eye tumour
signs
- thick, yellow ocular discharge
- often on third eyelid or eyelid margin
- fleshy mass
diagnostics
- clinical signs
treatment/nursing care
- surgical removal
- protection - eg eyemasks
- eye drops
dacryocystitis
what is it? causes? signs? diagnosis? treatment/nursing care?
inflammation/infection of the tear sac
caused from obstruction of the tear (nasolacrimal) sac
- inflammatory debris
- foreign body
- mass
signs
- increased lacrimation
- recurrent conjunctivitis
diagnosis
- clinical signs
- failed flush attempt
- radiography and contrast
treatment/nursing care
- lacrimal tear duct catheter
- warm sterile saline
- antibiotic eye drops
what is a jones test?
apply fluoresceine to eye
should be seen at the nostril within 1-5mins
if not then likely nasolacrimal duct is occluded
what are corneal ulcerations?
Causes? signs? diagnostics? treatment/nursing care?
a wound/abrasion on the corneal surface
causes
- eyelash/eyelid disorder
- FB
- trauma - most common
- bacteria/infection
signs
- ocular discharge and pain
- blepharospasm
- increased lacrimation
- irregularity of the cornea
- swelling or cloudy discolouration
- development of blood vessels - late-stage
diagnostics
- visual inspection
- fluorescin dye
treatment/nursing care
- antibiotic eyedrops
- analgesia
- surgical correction
- prevention of interference
- close monitoring as can deteriorate quickly
uveitis
what is it? signs? diagnostics? treatment/nursing care?
inflammation of the iris
signs
- pain and blepharoplasm
- miotic pupil - small/resitricted
- photophobia/squinting
- increased lacrimation and discharge
- reduced intraocular pressure
diagnostics
- haem and biochem
- opthalmoscopy
- tonometry
- fluorescin staining
treatment/nursing care
- treat any underlying cause
- topical atropine to open pupils
- corticosteroids or NSAIDs
- low lighting or eyemasks
- frequent monitoring
glaucoma
what is it? signs? diagnostics? treatment/nursing care?
an increase in intraocular pressure from bad drainage of gel/fluid within the eye globe
signs
- painful red eyes
- corneal oedema and discoloration
- swelling/firmness of the globe
- dilate pupil - not moving or slow
- retinal damage
diagnostics
- examination
- measure intraocular pressure with tonometer
treatment/nursing care
- emergency to reduce pressure
- no cure - just manage
- analgesia
- enucleation if unilateral and vision loss
- prevent interference
what is tonometry?
normal values?
measures the force required to flattern the corneal surface
calculate intraocular pressure
- high = glaucoma
- low = uveitis
dogs = 15-25mmHG
cats = 17-20 mmHg
how should you evaluate sight?
menace response
- cover one eye, gesture to other, see if respond
- should be seen from 10-12 weeks in puppies/kittens
tracking response
- drop/throw something
- see if they can follow/pin-point the object
visual placing objects
- place objects on the ground
- see if they see the object and step over
nursing care for blind patients?
dont change environment
consistent routine
safe friend or blind dog halo
corner protector
noise stimulation
