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Biology 1 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Chains of Carbon will?

A

Form backbones of larger organic molecules

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2
Q

Chains of carbon can vary in?

A
  1. length
  2. shape
  3. number of bonds
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3
Q

Functional groups allow…

A
  1. Other biomolecules to react with one another
  2. Increase the solubility of biological molecules
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4
Q

What are the functional groups?

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl
  3. Carboxyl
  4. Amino
  5. Phosphate
  6. Sulfhydryl
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5
Q

Define hydroxyls shape, ionization, and purpose

A

-Hydroxyl X–O–H
-it is NEUTRAL, meaning no charge
-molecules having O-H are alcohols

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6
Q

Define carbonyl’s shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Carbonyl shape
O
II
X – C –X

-it is NEUTRAL, no charge
-it is found at the end of carbon chains

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7
Q

Define carboxyl’s shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Carboxyl Shape
O
II
X – C – O-H
- it is an ACID, negative charge
-it loses a proton
-carbonyl and hydroxyl group combined
-O can make 1 covalent bond EXCEPTION

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8
Q

Define an amino groups shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Amino Shape
H
I
X– N :
I
H
-it is a BASE, positive charge
- 4 bonds to N, EXCEPTION

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9
Q

Define a phosphate groups shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Phosphate Group Shape
O
II
O – P – O’
O’
-it is an ACID, negative charge, the hydroxyl groups ionize at cellular pH
- the ‘ is a negative charge
-phosphates STORE ENERGY (ATP)

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10
Q

Define a sulfhydryl groups shape, ionization, and purpose

A

Sulfhydryl Shape
– S – H
- it is NEUTRAL, no charge
- form special covalent bonds in proteins
-disulfide bonds

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11
Q

Organic molecules contain?

A

C and H

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12
Q

Hydrocarbons are?

A

Rich in energy

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13
Q

Biomolecules are?

A

Organic molecules bearing functional groups

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14
Q

Functional groups make biomolecules?

A

Hydrophilic, reactive, and soluble

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15
Q

What are the 4 classes of biomolecules

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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16
Q

Macromolecules are how many daltons

A

> 1000 daltons (1kD)

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17
Q

Dehydration synthesis requires?

A

An enzyme, and requires energy

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18
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

BUILDS molecules

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19
Q

Hydrolysis requires

A

An enzyme, and uses energy

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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

BREAKS molecules

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21
Q

What are carbs monomer and polymer

A

monomer- monosaccharide
polymer- polysaccharide

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22
Q

What is the bond between monosaccharides called?

A

glycosidic linkages

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23
Q

Carbs function as 4 things?

A
  1. energy source (monosaccharides)
  2. C source (monosaccarhides)
  3. storage (polysaccharides)
  4. Structural support (polysaccharides)
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24
Q

Name two functional groups found in monosaccharides

A

hydroxyl group and carbonyl group

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25
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

alpha glucose- hydroxyl group UNDER
beta glucose- hydroxyl group ABOVE

remember beta= best = on top

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26
Q

What were the disaccharides to memorize?

A

sucrose = glucose + fructose
maltose = glucose + glucose
lactose = glucose + galactose

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27
Q

The disaccharides to memorize are all _____ of eachother?

A

ISOMERS

28
Q

What are the storage polysaccharides?

A

starch (plants) and glycogen (animals in liver + muscle)

29
Q

What are the structural polysaccharides?

A

cellulose (plant cell walls)

chitin (arthropod exoskeletons)

peptidoglycan (cell wall of bacteria)

30
Q

Starch is what kind of glucose

A

alpha

31
Q

Cellulose is…

A

most abundant organic compound, made from BETA glucose

32
Q

Chitin is made from ____ glucose

A

Alpha

33
Q

Peptidoglycan is made from _____ kinds of monosaccharides

A

Many beta

34
Q

Are lipids macromolecules?

A

NO

35
Q

Do lipids have polymers?

A

NO

36
Q

What are the functions of a lipid?

A
  1. energy source/ C source
  2. storage
  3. structural
  4. cell to cell signaling (hormones)
  5. cell chemistry (some vitamins)
37
Q

What makes a fat unsaturated

A

the presence of double bonds

38
Q

Cis- isomers carbon is on?

A

Same side of the double bond

39
Q

Trans- isomers carbon is on?

A

The opposite side of the double bond

40
Q

Cis fatty acids are found in

A

NATURE

41
Q

Triglycerides are made of

A

1 glycerol (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids

42
Q

Phospholipids made from?

A

1 phosphate, 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids (one saturated one unsaturated), and 1 additional chemical

43
Q

What is a steroids structure?

A

4 or more rings

44
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

45
Q

What are the bonds between amino acids called?

A

Peptide bonds

46
Q

What are proteins 8 functions?

A
  1. energy source/ C source
  2. Storage
  3. structural support
  4. intercellular signaling
  5. movement
  6. transport
  7. defense
  8. enzymes
47
Q

What is an amino acid made of?

A

1 amino group
1 carboxyl group
1 alpha carbon
1 H atom
1 R group (side chain)

48
Q

What is basic and acidic in an amino acid?

A

amino group is basic
carboxyl group is acidic

49
Q

What are the three groups of amino acids

A

polar (uncharged), charged, nonpolar

50
Q

What is primary structure? What is it’s bonding?

A

Primary structure determines the amino acids and their order, covalent bonding between amino acids (peptide bonds)

51
Q

How is the order of amino acid determined?

A

By the order of nucleotides in the gene for that protein

52
Q

How does a polypeptide fold

A

in a precise way based on its primary structure

53
Q

Secondary structure is? What are the two types? What type of bonding?

A

localized folding of the polypeptide

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Backbone of peptides do hydrogen bonding (amino and carboxyl group)

54
Q

What does the tertiary structure involve? What holds it together?

A

Involves R groups

Overall 3D structure formed

Involves IMF’s
Hydrophobic forces
H-bonds
Ionic bonds
Van der Waals forces

55
Q

Why do polypeptides fold into different shapes?

A

Folding spontaneously based on primary structure AND environmental factors
pH
Temperature
Salinity etc.

56
Q

Denaturing disrupts what interactions?

A

WEAK INTERACTIONS ONLY (not covalent bonds)

57
Q

What holds the quaternary structure together?

A

Hydrophobic interactions
H-bonds
Ionic Bonds
Van der Waals forces
Disulfide bridges (covalent)

58
Q

What are nucleic acid monomers

A

nucleotides

59
Q

What bonds happen in the dehydration synthesis of nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

60
Q

Name nucleic acids five functions, what are the top TWO to memorize?

A
  1. information storage (genes) (polynucleotides)
  2. Useable energy (ATP) (nucleotides)
  3. Enzymes (polynucleotides)
  4. Molecular adaptor (polynucleotides)
  5. Cell signaling (nucleotides)
61
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

62
Q

What are the pentose sugars in DNA? RNA?

A

DNA- deoxyribose (no O)
RNA-ribose

63
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thyamine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)

64
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine, Guanine

65
Q

Are nitrogenous bases charged?

A

NO

66
Q

What are the ends of DNA called?

A

phosphate 5’ end
pentose 3’ end

67
Q

What holds the nitrogenous bases together

A

H-bonds

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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