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PSY 1101 - Intro to Psychology: Foundations > PSY 1101 - Chapter 05: Sensation & Perception (Pt. 2) > Flashcards

PSY 1101 - Chapter 05: Sensation & Perception (Pt. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Order of Visual Information Processing?

A
  1. Retina
  2. Thalamus
  3. Visual Cortex (Occipital Lobes)
  4. Parietal & Temporal lobes, Limbic System
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1
Q

What is the First order of Visual Information Processing?

A

the process of visual processing begins with the retina
- at the level of the bipolar cells

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2
Q

What are Bipolar Cells?

A

Cells found between Photoreceptors and Ganglion Cells
- Transmits signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
- direct or indirect

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3
Q

What is the Second Order of Visual Information Processing?

A

Thalamus (Lateral geniculate nucleus, LGN)
- The information reaches the thalamus via the bipolar cells

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4
Q

What is the Third Order of Visual Information Processing?

A

Visual cortex (Occipital lobes)
- information ends up in the visual cortex via thalamus
- In the visual cortex we have feature detectors

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5
Q

What are Feature Detectors?

A

Highly specialized cells that are maximally responsive to certain stimuli
- Vertical lines
- Horizontal lines

At some point this visual information is going to end up at the parietal lobes, the temporal lobes and the limbic system

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6
Q

what is the difference between a simple cell and a complex cell?

A
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7
Q

What are the Parietal Lobes Responsible for in Vision?

A

Dorsal Stream (Detection)
- Tells us where the object is located (how far away, what direction is it moving in)

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8
Q

What are the Temporal Lobes Responsible for in Vision?

A

Ventral Stream
- Tells us what we are looking at (Identifying)

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9
Q

What is the Limbic System?

A

linked and associated with emotion
- When the information reaches the limbic system then we are going to experience an emotional experience

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10
Q

What is Young-Helmholtz Theory?

A

aka Trichromatic Theory
- at the time people already knew we had three primary LIGHT colors
- by combining them in different ways, we can create all the light colors that the human eye can detect

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11
Q

What are each Primary Colour represented by?

A

we must have 3 different forms of cones in our retina to detect each primary colour
- Red
- Green
- Blue

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12
Q

What is the Brain constantly Monitoring?

A

The brain is constantly monitoring the activity of these three types of cones to see:
- which types are activated
- in what combination
- to what degree

based on this information, the brain will determine which color we will perceive

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13
Q

How is Colour perceived?

A

Light is absorbed, then reflected back to perceive the colour we see

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14
Q

What is the Opponent-Process Theory?

A
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15
Q

What did Hering Consider?

A

Considered the Trichromatic Theory a value
- felt that the theory had its limitations
- there are certain phenomenon that cannot be explained such as complementary afterimages

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16
Q

What are Complementary Afterimages?

A

When we continue to perceive an object or someone even though:
- we are not looking at them anymore
- stimulation is not reaching our eye anymore

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17
Q

What is the Opponent-Process Theory?

A

according to opponent process theory we have 4 primary light colors red, blue, green and yellow

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18
Q

What is the 3 Antagonistic Colour System?

A

RG, BY, BW

R + B = purple
Red + Y = orange

RG: Red-Green system:

  • These neurons will be maximally responsive to red light and green light
  • will respond differently to red and green light
  • neurons are going to be excited by the red light and inhibited by green light
  • If green neurons are inhibited, the brain will know we are perceiving green light?
19
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

Brain organizes the information into a gestalt

The perceiving brain does not process information passively.

the perceiving brain is going to use its knowledge, past experiences in order to meaningfully interpret sensory information

20
Q

What is a Gestalt?

A

it’s a form, a meaningful form
- The whole may exceed the sum of its parts

ex: a full face

21
Q

What is the Stimuli for Hearing?

A

sound waves
- words are not real, its the sound waves that are created a psychological experience

22
Q

What are the Three Characteristics to Sound Waves?

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Amplitude
  3. Complexity
23
Q

What is Frequency?

A

the distance between the peaks or how many times the wave peaks per second

  • Hertz
  • Pitch
24
Q

What are Hertz?

A

Frequency is measured in Hertz
- can only detect sound waves between 20 and 20 000 hertz

25
Q

What is Pitch?

A

Soundwave translates into the psychological experience known as pitch
- how high or low a sound is

26
Q

What is Amplitude?

A

the height of the sound wave its a physical characteristic that will translate into the psychological experience of loudness

27
Q

What are Decibels?

A

Amplitude is measured in decibels

28
Q

What is Complexity of Sound Waves?

A

this will play in the physical characteristics of Timbre

29
Q

What is a Timbre?

A

its what give the sound its quality
- how we can differentiate sound

ex. Differentiate a meow from a bark

30
Q

What are the Structures of the Ear?

A
  1. Pinna
  2. Auditory Canal
  3. Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane)
  4. Ossicles
  5. Oval Window
  6. Cochlear fluid (cochlea)
  7. Basilar membrane
  8. Hair cells (cilia)
  9. Auditory nerve
  10. Thalamus MGN (medial geniculate nucleus)
  11. Auditory Cortex (temporal lobes)
31
Q

What is the Pinna?

A

captures the sound waves and funnels them into the auditory canal

32
Q

What is the Auditory Canal?

A

sound waves will travel through the auditory canal until they reach the eardrum

33
Q

What are the Eardrums?

A

Tympanic Membrane

  • the eardrum vibrates
  • its vibration is going to cause the ossicles to start vibrating
34
Q

What are the Ossicles?

A

The tiniest bones in your body

  • their vibrations are going to cause the oval window to vibrate
  • Malleous
  • Incus
  • Stapes
35
Q

What is the Oval Window?

A

the vibration of the oval window will cause the cochlear fluid inside the cochlea to form waves like the waves in the sea

36
Q

What will the Vibrations of the Cochlear Fluid cause?

A

The vibration of cochlear fluid will cause the basilar membrane to vibrate

37
Q

What happens when Basilar Membrane Vibrates?

A

the basilar membrane vibration will cause the hair cells cilia to sway and this will activate them

38
Q

What are Hair Cells (Cilia)?

A

hair cells in the cilia embedded in the basilar membrane are the sensory receptors for hearing

39
Q

What role does the Auditory Nerve play in hearing?

A

the information will be sent to the brain via the auditory nerve

Travels through:
1. Thalamus MGN (medial geniculate nucleus)
2. Auditory Cortex (temporal lobes)

40
Q

How do we Perceive Pitch?

A

Two theories:
1. Place Theory
2. Frequency Theory

41
Q

What is Place Theory?

A

Sound waves of different frequencies will activate hair cells located in different areas on the basilar membrane

  • based on the location of where the hair cells are being activated, the brain will know if its high pitch or low pitch
  • HF sound waves will activate hair cells located at the beginning of the basilar membrane
  • LF sound waves will activate hair cells located at the end of the basilar membrane
42
Q

What is the Frequency Theory?

A

the frequency of the sound wave will affect / influence the rate of firing of the hair cells
- 1 hertz causing one action potential

43
Q

What are Binaural Cues?

A

the brain uses two types of cues to locate sound known as binaural cues

44
Q

What are the Two Binaural Cues?

A
  1. Time of Arrival
  2. Loudness
45
Q

What is Time of Arrival?

A

Interaural Time Differences
- the ear that is near the source will receive it first
- the brain monitors this timing and that’s how it can tell where the sound is coming from

46
Q

What is Loudness?

A

Interaural Level Differences
- the ear that is closer to the sound source will perceive the sound to be louder than the other ear
- Based on this difference in loudness the brain can determine the location of the sound

PSY 1101 - Intro to Psychology: Foundations (14 decks)

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