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Large Animal > Cattle Nutrition and Repro > Flashcards

Cattle Nutrition and Repro Flashcards

1
Q

The largest compartment of the stomach. It mixes and ferments food.

A

Rumen

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2
Q

This portion of the stomach sorts solids and liquids. It has a characteristic honeycomb pattern. Solids are regurgitated and liquids pass through.

A

Reticulum

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3
Q

This compartment of the stomach absorbs water and minerals as it breaks down food

A

Omasum

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4
Q

This is the “True Stomach” in cattle. It digests food with enzymes.

A

Abomasum

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5
Q

How many gallons of water are required to produce one gallon od milk?

A

3 - 5 gallons of water

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6
Q

What is the finishing weight for a beef steer?

A

1000 - 1250 lbs

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7
Q

What is the finishing weight for a beef heifer?

A

900 - 1050 lbs

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8
Q

Method of dairy cow milking in which cows go up ramp and file in on a slant to be milked, staff stands below-easy access to udder

A

Herringbone

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9
Q

Method of dairy cow milking that resembles a merry go round, can milk lots of cows in a short time

A

Rotary

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10
Q

This phase of lactation is stimulated when a cow gives birth and is about 6 weeks long. Disease is very common at this time - milk fever, DAs, retained placentas, etc.

A

Phase 1

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11
Q

This phase of lactation lasts about 12 weeks and is considered peak lactation.

A

Phase 2

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12
Q

This is the longest phase of lactation post peak lactation. It lasts up until the cow is considered “dry”.

A

Phase 3

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13
Q

This is considered the dry phase 6 - 8 weeks before the birth of another calf.

A

Phase 4

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14
Q

What does it mean to pasteurize milk?

A

Heating and cooling to remove bacteria

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15
Q

What does it mean to homogenize milk?

A

To break down fat and prevent cream

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16
Q

The process of adding things (such as vitamins) to milk

A

Fortify

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17
Q

This process separates, clarifies, and standardized milk

A

Centrifugation

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18
Q

Cows are ___ estrus.

A

Year round poly estrus

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19
Q

Cows cycle every ___ days and have a gestation of ___ days.

A

21 and 283 (276 - 295)

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20
Q

During this stage of parturition the cow is restless, and in preparation, trying to get calf in to head dive position, up to 6 hours

A

Stage 1

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21
Q

During this stage of parturition the water breaks, the calf is born, and it can take 4-8 hours, placenta detaches slowly-fetus can survive inside for hours after water breaks

A

Stage 2

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22
Q

Passage of placenta and fetal membranes, can take 4-12 hours, up to 3 days

A

Stage 3

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23
Q

A cow exhibits the following symptom: Excessive straining, Abnormal fetal position is present, No placenta/fetal membranes are passed. She is experiencing ___

A

Dystocia

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24
Q

___ is the biggest problem in neonate cattle.

A

Hypothermia

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25
Q

Calves should be standing and nursing within ___ hours after birth

A

1 - 4

26
Q

Beef calves stay with their mother for ___ months after birth.

A

6 - 7

27
Q

Dairy calves are separated from their mothers at birth. They must be bottle fed ___ of milk within the first ___ hours of life.

A

4L and 12 hours

28
Q

___ is a problem in claves when blood glucose levels drop below 90-120 mg/dl. This can happen both quickly or over a few hours. Tx involves administering dextrose.

A

Hypoglycemia

29
Q

Most clinicians will agree it is best to fast ruminants ___ hours before a procedure.

A

12

30
Q

Drugs decrease gi motility during anesthesia, which increases the chance for ___

A

Bloat

31
Q

This drug is toxic in cattle at 13 mg/kg, but is the most commonly used during anesthesia because it is the most inexpensive and least toxic

A

Lidocaine

32
Q

This local block is used for distal limb blocks primarily to allow for a regional block.

A

Bier Block

33
Q

field block in the shape of an inverted L, desensitizes the flank for standing laparotomies

A

L Block

34
Q

This is a local block in which anesthetic is placed in spinal nerves (T13, L1, L2) to anesthetize all layers of the flank

A

Paravertebral Block

35
Q

This local block is for dehorning surgery, desensitizes cornual nerve-runs from the orbit to base of horn

A

Corneal Nerve block

36
Q

This local block is when drug is placed in epidural space, provides no feeling in anus, perineum, vulva, etc.

A

Epidural Block

37
Q

___ anesthesia is required when Technical/anatomical aspects are not possible or pain cannot be controlled with local anesthetics and sedatives/tranquilizers

A

General

38
Q

___ is the biggest concern when it comes to ruminants and anesthesia

A

Regurgitation and aspiration

39
Q

Regurgitation and aspiration can be avoided in ruminants by ___

A

Fasting for 12-24 hours
Keeping them in sternal recumbency
Using a cuffed endotracheal tube and try not to roll animal while under anesthesia

40
Q

___ is a common complication from anesthesia in which drugs decrease GI motility but fermentation continues, causing gas to press on the diaphragm and cause hypoventilation. It is best to have an producen tube ready

A

Bloat

41
Q

___ is caused by the size and weight of GI organs compressing the lungs and diaphragm during anesthesia. It is best to have a ventilator ready.

A

Hypoventilation

42
Q

When heavy body weight causes blood vessels to have difficulty delivering blood to certain areas of muscle-gluteals, triceps, masseters, quadriceps - causing myopathies during anesthesia, this is called ___

A

Compartment Syndrome

43
Q

To avoid compartment syndrome, it is best to ___

A

Decrease anesthetic time
Use lots of padding
Stagger limbs
Decrease carbohydrates in diet before surgery-seen higher incidence

44
Q

Ruminants should be kept in ___ lateral recumbency if needed during surgery in order to decrease pressure on the rumen.

A

Right

45
Q

In ruminants, the cuff should be ___ during extubation.

A

Partially inflated

46
Q

During anesthesia, ruminants head should be kept ___ to avoid aspiration. Equipment to treat ___ should be readily available.

A

Down, bloat

47
Q

T or F: Anesthesia is always required when neutering a bull.

A

False - Young animals may not be able to metabolize all drugs. Pain from anesthetics and stress from restraint makes it all that much more difficult and painful.

48
Q

This method of castration requires an incision to expose and remove the testicles. The incision is left open to heal by second intention.

A

Open Castration

49
Q

This method of castration require no incision - Instead there are multiple tools that can be used.

A

Closed Castration

50
Q

This instrument punctures the scrotum and is then pulled through to create an opening to the testicles. It has a knife portion to it.

A

Newberry Castration Knife

51
Q

This instrument is used similar to the Newberry Castration Knife and provides extra hemostasis. The spermatic cord is crimped and then the scrotum is cut.

A

Emasculator

52
Q

This device is used in closed castrations and is considered “bloodless”. It crushes the spermatic cord through the skin. Thr scrotum stays intact and the testicles atrophy inside.

A

Emasculatome

53
Q

This closed castration method is used in very young animals <150 pounds. Each testicle is injected with “castration solution” a solution containing a chemical that gradually destroys the testicle and has some local anesthetic in it. Takes 60-90 days to complete

A

Chemical Castration

54
Q

This closed castration tool is used in young animals and may take about 2 -3 weeks. A rubber band is placed around the base of the scrotum cutting off blood supply and causing testicles to necrose and slough. Animals are very prone to infection.

A

Elastrator

55
Q

The removal of an animal’s horns is called ___

A

Cornuectomy

56
Q

This dehorning instrument is used for animals with small/medium horns. The two long handles spread apart and “scoop” the horn and base in 1 piece.

A

Barnes dehorner

57
Q

This dehorning instrument is called a ___ dehorner and is used on animals with larger horns

A

Keystone

58
Q

This dehorner is twisted in a circular motion to cut away horn and base. Bleeding is minimal. This is used for very small developing horns.

A

Tube or Spoon Dehorner

59
Q

Using a chemical paste to cauterize the epithelium that eventually generates the horn and is usually done in days 3-7 of life is called ___

A

Chemical Cautery

60
Q

Open circle shaped iron is heated and the tip is centered over the horn bud in a rocking motion
Kills the bud all the way to the corium.

A

Heat cautery

61
Q

In older animals with horns, dehorning requires ___ removal. This usually requires a saw or gigli wire

A

Surgical

62
Q

Removing just the tips of the horn is called ___

A

TIpping

Large Animal (10 decks)

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