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Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

matrix of blood, clear fluid

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3
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

blood cells and cell fragments; RBC, WBC, and platelets

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4
Q

What are the 7 formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

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5
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBCs

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6
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBCs

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7
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

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9
Q

What does hematocrit do?

A

centrifuge blood to separate components

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10
Q

What is the heaviest component of blood? How much is there?

A

RBCs, 37-52%

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11
Q

How much of blood is plasma?

A

47-63%

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12
Q

What makes up the buffy coat?

A

WBCs and platelets

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13
Q

What are the 3 categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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14
Q

What is serum?

A

plasma without the fibrinogen

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15
Q

What organ are plasma proteins (except globulins) produced by?

A

liver

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16
Q

What contributes to blood viscosity?

A

RBCs + albumin

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17
Q

What does albumin regulate?

A

osmolarity

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18
Q

What is the osmolarity of blood?

A

total molarity of particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

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19
Q

What relationship does osmolarity have to blood pressure?

A

proportional

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20
Q

What is hypoproteinemia?

A

deficiency of plasma proteins caused by starvation, liver/kidney disease, or severe burns

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21
Q

What is the production of blood called? Where is it carried out?

A

Hemopoiesis; in red bone marrow

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22
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

cells that can become all types of cells

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23
Q

What is a colony forming unit?

A

specialized stem cells that only produce one class of formed element of blood

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24
Q

What are the 2 functions of RBCs

A

Carry O2 from lungs, carry CO2 to lungs

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25
Q

Why are RBCs biconcave?

A

so they can bend to fit through capillaries

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26
Q

Do RBCs have most organelles?

A

No

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27
Q

What is hemoglobin made of?

A

4 globins, 2 alpha and 2 beta (2 alpa and 2 gamma fetally)

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28
Q

How many heme groups does hemoglobin have?

A

4 (one O2 per heme)

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29
Q

What does hemoglobin bind at its center?

A

iron

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30
Q

What does hematocrit show?

A

percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs

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31
Q

What sex has a higher RBC count?

A

men

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32
Q

Why do women have lower RBC?

A

less androgen, menstrual loss, and more body fat = less hematocrit

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33
Q

What is the term for RBC production

A

Erythropoiesis

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34
Q

What is the average lifespan of an RBC?

A

120 days

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35
Q

What is the first committed cell in formed element production?

A

colony forming unit

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36
Q

What receptors do RBC colony forming units have?

A

erythropoietin

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37
Q

Where is EPO made?

A

kidneys

38
Q

Why is the nucleus discarded in RBC formation?

A

to form the reticulocyte

39
Q

What do reticulocytes have a lot of?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

What is iron stored as?

A

Ferritin

41
Q

What is hypoxemia

A

low O2 in blood

42
Q

What is the negative feedback loop for RBCs?

A

Drop in RBC count causes hypoxemia, causes kidneys to release EPO and stimulate red bone marrow

43
Q

What is RBC rupturing called?

A

hemolysis

44
Q

Where are the macrophages for RBCs?

A

Spleen

45
Q

What are the steps for RBC death?

A
  1. Separate heme from globin
  2. Globins hydrolyzed into amino acids
  3. Iron removed from heme
  4. Heme pigment converted to biliverdin
  5. Biliverdin converted to bilirubin
  6. released into blood plasma
  7. liver removes bilirubin and secretes into bile
46
Q

Where is bilirubin concentrated?

A

gallbladder

47
Q

What is urobilinogen?

A

brown feces created by bacteria

48
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Excess of RBCs?

49
Q

What are the dangers of polycythemia?

A

increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity, embolism, stroke, heart failure

50
Q

What are the 3 categories of anemia?

A

Inadequate erythopoieisis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia

51
Q

What are the consequences of anemia?

A

tissue hypoxia and necrosis, reduced osmolarity, low viscosity

52
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

RBCs become rigid, sticky, and pointed and clump together

53
Q

What are agglutinogens determined by?

A

glycolipids on RBC surface

54
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that activate an immune response

55
Q

How abundant are leukocytes?

A

least abundant formed element

56
Q

What do WBCs do?

A

protect against pathogens

57
Q

Do WBCs have organelles?

A

yes

58
Q

What is the order of abundance for WBCs?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

59
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

antibacterial

60
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Fight against parasitic infections

61
Q

What do basophils do?

A

fight chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes, secrete histamine, secrete heparin

62
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

fight diverse infections like cancer

63
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

fight viral infections

64
Q

What is WBC formation called?

A

leukopoiesis

65
Q

What do myeloblasts differentiate into?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

66
Q

What do monoblasts form?

A

monocytes

67
Q

What do lymphoblasts differentiate?

A

lymphocytes

68
Q

Where are granulocytes and monocytes stored and released?

A

red bone marrow

69
Q

Do WBCs stay in the bloodstream?

A

no, except lymphocytes

70
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

low WBC count, causes elevated risk of infection

71
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

high WBC count, causes infection, allergy, and disease

72
Q

What is leukemia?

A

cancer of leukocytes that produce high leukocytes

73
Q

What does CBC include?

A

Hematocrit, hemoglobin, total count for RBCs, reticulocytes, WBCs, and platelets, differential WBC count, RBC size and hemoglobin concentration per RBC

74
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

cessation of bleeding

75
Q

What are the hemostatic mechanisms?

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

76
Q

What are platelets?

A

small fragments of megakaryocytes

77
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

secrete vasoconstrictors, form platelet plugs, secrete procoagulants, formation of clot-dissolving enzymes, secrete growth factors, destroy bacteria

78
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

stem cells become megakaryoblasts

79
Q

What are megakaryoblasts?

A

form megakaryocytes

80
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

live in blood and have long tendrils that protrude in the sinusoids

81
Q

What are in the extrinsic pathway?

A

factors released by damaged tissues

82
Q

What are in the intrinsic pathway?

A

factors found in blood

83
Q

What factors are in the extrinsic pathway?

A

initiated by factor 3, cascade to factor 7, 5, and 10

84
Q

What factors are in the intrinsic pathway?

A

Initiated by hageman factor (12), cascade to 11, 9, 8, 10

85
Q

What is required for either pathway?

A

calcium

86
Q

What is the completion of coagulation steps?

A

Factor 10 - prothrombin - thrombin - fibrinogen - fibrin

87
Q

When does clot retraction occur?

A

within 30 minutes

88
Q

What is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells?

A

platelet-derived growth factor

89
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

dissolution of a clot

90
Q

What prevents inappropriate clotting?

A

platelet repulsion, thrombin dilution, natural anticoagulants (heparin/antithrombin)

91
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

mass of clotted blood in the tissues

92
Q

What is thrombosis? Thrombus?

A

abnormal clotting, clot

Anatomy (14 decks)

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