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Earth history and life - 29202 > Lophophorate's > Flashcards

Lophophorate's Flashcards

1
Q

What are Lophophorates’?

A

Brachiopods and bryozoans

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2
Q

What are Brachiopods and Bryozoans united by?

A

The presence of a lophophore

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3
Q

What is a lophophore?

A

A complex feeding structure covered in cilia
which generates current and traps/direct food particles

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4
Q

How many genera of Brachiopods are there?

A

4500

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5
Q

Where are Brachiopod fossils abundant?

A

Palaeozoic deposits (especially shallow water and shelf deposits)

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6
Q

What dramatically affected the Brachiopods?

A

End Permian extinction but still have some importance in Mesozoic

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7
Q

What has been the population trend of brachiopods up to the present day?

A

Gradual decline with only about 100 genera at present

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8
Q

What are brachiopods?

A

A creature with a shall consisting of 2 valves (similar but different phyla to bivalved molluscs)

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9
Q

What are the differences between brachiopods and bivalves?

A

Valve structure
Orientation
Plane of symmetry

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10
Q

What is the plane of symmetry difference between brachiopods and bivalves?

A

Brachiopods - Bissects the 2 valves
Bivalves - runs between 2 valves

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11
Q

What is the orientation difference between brachiopods and bivalves?

A

Brachiopods - Dorsal (brachial), Ventral (pedicle)
Bivalves - Left and Right

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12
Q

What is the valve structure difference between brachiopods and bivalves involving the pedicle opening?

A

Brachiopods - have pedicle opening
Bivalves - no pedicle opening

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13
Q

What is the valve structure difference between brachiopods and bivalves involving the brachial skeleton?

A

Brachiopods have brachial skeleton
Bivalves no brachial skeleton

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14
Q

What does the pedicle opening say about the mode of life of a brachiopod?

A

Attached to the sea floor

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15
Q

What is the valve structure difference between brachiopods and bivalves involving the muscle impressions?

A

Brachiopods will have central muscle impressions 4 on pedicle and 2 on brachial
Bivalve 2 muscle impressions near exterior of shell

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16
Q

What 3 subphyla can brachiopods be divided into?

A

Linguliformea (late Cambrian to recent)
Craniiformea (late Cambrian to recent)
Rhynchonelliformea (late Cambrian to recent)

17
Q

What are the characteristics of Linguliformea?

A

Chitinophosphate
Equivalved
Pedicle emerges between posterior edges
of valves
Lack teeth and sockets

18
Q

What is the muscle insertion of Linguliformea like?

A

Adductors - oblique muscles

19
Q

What is the a recent (best known) example of Linguliformea?

A

Lingula

20
Q

What are the characteristics of Lingula?

A

Burrowing
Retracting pedicle pulling animal deeper into burrow
Euryhaline (short term)

21
Q

What does euryhaline mean?

A

being able to tolerate a wide range of salinities

22
Q

What are the majority of the brachiopods post the Ordovician?

A

Rhynchonelliforms

23
Q

What are the characteristics of Rhynchonelliforms?

A

CaCO3 shell
Unequal valves
Pedicle emerges from pedicle opening in pedicle valve
Brachial valve brachidium

24
Q

What are the muscles like in rhynchonelliforms?

A

Diductors which open valve (inserted behind hinge on cardinal process)

Adductors contract to pull valves together

25
Q

What are the muscle scars like in rhynchonelliforms?

A

2 pairs in pedicle valve (adductor high and diductor low)
1 pair in brachial valve

26
Q

What can the valve articulation of rhynchonelliforms be?

A

Hinge line in strophic (straight)
or
Non-strophic (curved)

27
Q

What essentially are brachiopods?

A

Filter feeder enclosed in 2 valves

28
Q

What are some examples of endofaunal brachiopods?

A

Burrowing - Lingula
Quasi-faunal = Waagenoconcha
(Permian)

29
Q

What are some examples of epifaunal brachiopods?

A

Fixosessile encrusting e.g. Orbiculoidea

Fixosessile Plenipedunculate e.g. Terebratulids

Fixosessile Umbone cementing e.g. Prorichthofenia

Fixosessile Liberosessile e.g. Spirifer

30
Q

What is the problem for a benthic mode of life for brachiopods and how was this solved?

A

Non-food entering the mantle cavity solved by a zig-zag anterior commissure

31
Q

What is the age range of byrozoans?

A

Lower Ordovician to recent

32
Q

What are some examples of the colony morphologies of byrozoans?

A

stick-like
encrusting
fan-like

33
Q

How do byrozoans feed?

A

individual zooid extends lophophore out of chamber to gather food

34
Q

How can byrozoans move themselves?

A

walking by using setae

Earth history and life - 29202 (29 decks)

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